Question 1

Milk is the only food used worldwide.In many cultures,milk is only consumed by adults.

Accepted Answer

The first statement is true; the second is false.Although it is true that milk is the only food used worldwide,many cultures consider it appropriate only for infants and children.This is an example of the fact that nutritional value is secondary to cultural norms in many cultures.

Question 2

The health status of the underprivileged and many racial and ethnic minority groups is poor.Evidence of poor health status and malnutrition increases as income level increases.

Accepted Answer

The first statement is true; the second is false.Although health care disparities are a serious problem in the United States for the underprivileged and not all ethnic minorities are disadvantaged,different cultural backgrounds and language barriers can predispose individuals to nutritional deficiencies.Regardless,the consensus is that the health status of the underprivileged and many racial and ethnic minority groups is poor.Evidence of poor health status and malnutrition decreases as income levels increase.

Question 3

Restaurants with 20 or more locations post the number of kilocalories and other nutritional information standard menu items because since 2010,the U.S.Food and Drug Administration (FDA)has required that such establishments provide this information.

Accepted Answer

The statement is correct,but the reason is not correct.The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010,not the FDA,requires chain restaurants with 20 or more locations to post the number of kilocalories and other nutritional information in each standard menu item.The FDA was authorized to establish requirements affecting many chain restaurants within a year,but this process has been slow.Consumer sentiment on such labeling is mixed; however,dietitians cite potential pressure on restaurants to reformulate and make healthful changes among the advantages.

Question 4

While discussing food budgets with a patient a dental hygienist would wisely convey each of the following,except one.Which one is the exception?

Accepted Answer

The average family spends approximately 15% of income on food,but families at the poverty level may spend 33%.Purchasing the most nutritious products using available money is a common concern at most income levels.A salient fact that hygienists should convey during such discussions,the price per edible gram of numerous fruits and most vegetables cost no more than many less healthy foods.Translated for patients,both fruits and vegetables are less expensive than less healthy foods when measured by price per average portion.Note that this is true for all food groups except protein.

Question 5

Food deserts are yet another nutritional constraint frequently encountered by people with limited financial resources.Small,independent stores provide the best opportunity for people in inner city and rural areas to purchase reasonably priced fruits and vegetables.

Accepted Answer

The first statement is false; the second is true.Food deserts,located in lower income,inner city,and rural areas with few supermarkets but numerous small independent stores,present a considerable challenge to procuring affordable nutritious foods.Particularly significant,produce is 30% to 70% more expensive in small,independent stores.Other factors that limit access to nutrient dense foods include lack of availability,poor quality,and lack of transportation.

Question 6

When counseling a teenager about fast food,a dental hygienist could correctly cite the following facts,except one.Which is the exception?

Accepted Answer

Nutritional analyses by fast food chains and independent studies reveal their menu items contain rich sources of protein (30% to 50% of the recommended dietary allowances [RDAs]).Additionally,items are available that provide 20% to 30% of the RDAs for thiamin,riboflavin,ascorbic acid,and calcium.Note that healthier options such as salads provide a source of vitamins A and C and dietary fiber; however,the cost may be twofold to sevenfold higher than the same foods purchased at supermarkets.

Question 7

Although both kale and tomatoes are readily available in the United States,kale consumption is higher because it is a more nutrient dense food.

Accepted Answer

Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.Although kale and tomatoes are equally available to Americans,tomatoes are consumed in much greater quantity.This remains true despite the fact that tomatoes have less nutrient density than kale.This food pattern illustrates the fact that no culture has ever been known to make food choices based solely on nutritional and health values of food.Nutrient density is the amount of nutrients in a food relative to the number of kilocalories it provides.

Question 8

A raw carrot is considered less nutrient-dense than a candy bar because the carrot contains more nutrients per kilocalorie.

Accepted Answer

The statement is not correct,but the reason is correct.Nutrient density refers to the amount of nutrients in a food relative to the number of kilocalories it provides.This is a key term that the dental hygienist uses to help patients make wise food selections.Stated differently,foods without nutrient density are considered "wasted" kilocalories.The candy bar,high in kilocalories but low in nutrients,provides an excellent example.

Question 9

Which food choice is most supportive of healthy eating on a budget?

Accepted Answer

Minimally processed foods are often more cost effective and nutrient dense.Chunk light tuna,canned in water is a healthy food choice on a budget; frozen fish sticks are $0.83 a serving,compared to canned tuna in water at $0.55 a serving.Comparisons such as these can be used by the dental hygienist to help patients select high-quality proteins while on a budget.

Question 10

Escherichia coli contamination does not differ between organic and conventional produce.The "organic" label indicates superior healthfulness of a product.

Accepted Answer

The first statement is true; the second is false.Note that organic produce is no less likely than conventional choices to be contaminated by dangerous bacteria.The second statement is false because the "organic" label does not have any bearing on the healthfulness of a product.

Question 11

An organic cracker made with wheat flour is consistent with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans if whole grain is listed as one of the top five ingredients.A dental hygienist would be wise to recommend selection of organic beverages,crackers,and candy bars as appropriate after-school snacks.

Accepted Answer

Both statements are false.Organic crackers may be made with wheat flour; however,if whole grain is not the first ingredient listed on the label,the cracker is inconsistent with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans.Dental hygienists should caution patients about reading labels.Regardless of a product's "organic" status,food labels should be scrutinized to determine levels of kilocalories,saturated fat,sugar,sodium,protein,fiber,vitamins,and minerals.Organic foods to be careful of include sweetened beverages,crackers,candy,energy bars,and chips.

Question 12

Which food additives control growth of mold,bacteria,and yeast?

Accepted Answer

Sodium benzoate,sulfites,and sorbic acid are additives that control growth of mold,bacteria,and yeasts.They are found in pickles,preserves,fruit juice,dried fruit,cheese,and wine to name a few.Monoglycerides and diglycerides are added to food to retain uniform consistency and texture.Casein,pectin,and gelatin are thickeners that provide desired thickness of gel-like qualities.Fumaric acid,lactic acid,and phosphoric acid are additives that control the pH of many foods and may act as buffers,neutralizing agents,or leavening agents.

Question 13

The nutrients in an orange begin to degrade:

Accepted Answer

Nutrient content begins to degrade as soon as the produce is removed from the plant.

Question 14

Consumers state each reason for choosing organic foods,except one.Which one is the exception?

Accepted Answer

Organic foods are less,not more,economical; organic foods receive significant price premiums over conventional food products.Reasons cited by consumers for selecting organic foods include environmental benefits,better taste,fresher food,and more humane treatment of animals.Another reason cited is the belief that organically produced food contributes less to proliferation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Question 15

In both organic and conventional farming,bacterial contamination of chicken and pork is common.Bacteria resistant to seven or more antibiotics was higher in conventional than in organic chicken and pork.

Accepted Answer

The first statement is true; the second is false.Many people are surprised to learn that while organic produce has other attributes,it is no less likely than conventional choices to be contaminated by dangerous bacteria.For example,E.coli contamination does not differ between organic and conventional produce.Bacteria resistant to three or more antibiotics was higher in conventional than in organic chicken and pork.

Question 16

Each correctly states reasons for the higher cost of organic food,except one.Which is the exception?

Accepted Answer

Organic food generally comes at a premium cost for many reasons,such as higher labor costs.Note that economic principles of supply and demand contribute to the cost differential between organic and conventional products.Production costs are higher,crop yields are lower,demand is higher,and the profit margins are higher.Consequently,organic products cost approximately 10% to 50% more than conventional products.Nutritionists stress that eating a lot of fruits and vegetables with pesticides outweigh any possible risk from ingesting trace amounts of pesticides.

Question 17

Each accurately describes aspects of dietary acculturation,except one.Which is the exception?

Accepted Answer

When an individual moves from one country to another and is unable to find familiar foods,the search for similar foods and adjustment to food of the new locale is called dietary acculturation.Although first-generation immigrants typically have at least one native meal per day,because of dietary challenges in their new homeland,second-generation immigrants might not receive adequate dietary information from their parents.Consequently,second-generation immigrants can become deficient in key nutrients.

Question 18

Which storage condition is NOT ideal for foods kept in a pantry?

Accepted Answer

Direct sunlight increases the temperature of the storage area and can degrade some foods.Products stored at room temperature should be kept in cool,dry areas in airtight containers.

Question 19

A dental hygienist could correctly convey each statement to a patient considering the value of organic food,except one.Which is the exception?

Accepted Answer

A wise approach is to purchase only fruits and vegetables subject of USDA regulations because imported produce is not grown under the same regulations as those enforced by the USDA.Note that actual levels of contamination by pesticides in all foods grown in the United States are well below acceptable limits established by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).Significant to food safety,a typical human exposure to pesticides at 1% of the EPA acceptable daily intake represents an exposure 10,000-fold lower than levels that do not cause toxicity in animals.

Question 20

Non-organic animals do not contain antibiotic residues because FDA regulations prohibit farmers from giving feed with antibiotics to conventionally raised animals for a period of time before slaughter.

Accepted Answer

Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.The "withdrawal time" is specific to the antibiotic used to ensure that the drug is at a safe level in the animal's system before the meat or milk enters the food supply.Tests rarely detect traces of antibiotics or other drugs in conventionally produced meat,poultry,milk,or eggs.

Quiz 16: Other Considerations Affecting Nutrient Intake