Question 1

During _____, the anticodons from tRNA attach to the mRNA via complementary base pairing

Accepted Answer

During translation, the genetic code in mRNA is decoded to produce a specific amino acid sequence. This is done by the anticodons on tRNA pairing with the codons on mRNA through complementary base pairing. Therefore, option D, translation, is the correct answer. Meiosis and mitosis are not involved in gene expression, and transcription is the process of making RNA from DNA, which occurs before translation. During translation, the ribosome reads the mRNA codons and the anticodons from tRNA attach to the mRNA via complementary base pairing to deliver the corresponding amino acid. Meiosis and mitosis are processes involved in cell division, and transcription is the process of creating an RNA copy of a DNA sequence.

Question 2

The interaction between nutrients and _____ is known as nutritional genomics

Accepted Answer

Nutritional genomics is the study of how nutrients interact with the genome, which is the complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism.

Question 3

_____ are small proteins around which DNA is wrapped and can be modified by methylation, acetylation, and phosphorylation

Accepted Answer

Histones are the small proteins around which DNA is wrapped and can be modified by methylation, acetylation, and phosphorylation. Alleles represent different versions of a gene, codons are the three-letter sequences of nucleotides that encode for specific amino acids in a protein, and nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA. Histones are small proteins that DNA is wrapped around to form nucleosomes, which make up the structure of chromatin. Histones can be modified by different chemical groups such as methylation, acetylation, and phosphorylation, which can affect gene expression and have been linked to various diseases.

Question 4

Which of the following disorders are extremely rare, occurring only in males as a result of the inheritance of mutations in the Y chromosome from the father?

Accepted Answer

Y-linked disorders are extremely rare and occur only in males as they are caused by the inheritance of mutations in the Y chromosome from the father. X-linked disorders occur when the gene is located on the X chromosome and can be inherited by both males and females, while X-linked dominant disorders are inherited on the X chromosome and affect both males and females but are expressed differently. Recessive disorders can be inherited from both parents and affect males and females equally. Y-linked disorders are caused by mutations in genes located on the Y chromosome and are only inherited by males from their fathers. Since females do not have a Y chromosome, they cannot inherit Y-linked disorders. X-linked disorders, on the other hand, are caused by mutations in genes located on the X chromosome and can be inherited by both males and females, although males are typically more severely affected due to only having one X chromosome. X-linked dominant disorders and recessive disorders are also caused by mutations in genes located on the X chromosome, but they can be inherited by both males and females as well.

Question 5

During _____, DNA unwinds in the area encoding the gene of interest and the code is copied

Accepted Answer

During transcription, the DNA unwinds in the area encoding the gene of interest and is used as a template to create a complementary mRNA molecule through base pairing. This mRNA molecule is then used in translation to create a protein. Meiosis and mitosis are cell division processes and do not directly involve gene expression. Transcription is the process of copying the genetic information stored in DNA into RNA. The unwinding of DNA occurs in the area encoding the gene of interest, and an RNA polymerase enzyme reads the DNA template and synthesizes a complementary RNA strand. This process occurs during transcription, not during meiosis or mitosis which are cell division processes, or during translation which is the process of converting the RNA code into a protein.

Question 6

One example of an autosomal recessive trait with nutritional implications is:

Accepted Answer

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive disorder that affects the body's ability to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine. Individuals with PKU must follow a strict low-phenylalanine diet, as high levels of this amino acid can lead to intellectual disability and other neurological problems. Therefore, PKU has significant nutritional implications, as individuals with the disorder must carefully monitor their intake of protein, especially in the form of phenylalanine. Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive disorder that affects the body's ability to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine. Individuals with PKU need to follow a strict low-phenylalanine diet to prevent cognitive impairment and other complications. This demonstrates the nutritional implications of an autosomal recessive trait. The other options do not have a direct nutritional implication.

Question 7

Which of the following is not a primary component of nucleotides?

Accepted Answer

The primary components of nucleotides include a purine or pyrimidine nitrogenous base, a sugar molecule (ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA), and a phosphate group. The carboxyl group is not a component of nucleotides. The primary components of nucleotides are a nitrogenous base (either a purine or pyrimidine), a five-carbon sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose), and a phosphate group. The carboxyl group is not a component of nucleotides.

Question 8

Chemicals that are found in an organism but are not produced by it or expected to be there, such as drugs or pollutants, are called:

Accepted Answer

Xenobiotics are chemicals that are foreign to an organism and not produced by it. They can include drugs, pollutants, or other unnatural substances that may have harmful effects on the organism. Probiotics and prebiotics are types of bacteria, and antibiotics are drugs used to kill bacteria. Xenobiotics are chemicals that are foreign to an organism and are not expected to be present. They can include drugs, pollutants, and other substances that are not naturally produced by the organism. Probiotics and prebiotics are both types of substances that are intentionally introduced into an organism, while antibiotics specifically refer to drugs that are used to kill bacteria.

Question 9

How many pairs of chromosomes are found in humans?

Accepted Answer

Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes.

Question 10

A group of genes that work in concert to produce a specific phenotype is termed a(n):

Accepted Answer

A group of genes that work together to produce a specific phenotype is called a haplotype. Haplotypes are groups of alleles located on the same chromosome that are inherited together. A haplotype is a group of genes inherited together from one parent that work together to produce a specific phenotype.

Question 11

_____ relates to the pattern of gene expression regulated by modification of DNA

Accepted Answer

Epigenetics relates to the pattern of gene expression regulated by modification of DNA. This includes modifications such as DNA methylation and histone acetylation, which can affect gene expression without altering the DNA sequence itself. These modifications can be influenced by factors such as environment, diet, and lifestyle. Epigenetics is the study of changes in gene expression caused by modification of DNA that do not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence. This includes modifications such as DNA methylation and histone modification, which can alter the accessibility of genes to transcriptional machinery and thereby modulate gene expression.

Question 12

It has been shown that for those people with an inherited APC gene, which is associated with various GI tract tumors, supplementation of _____ has a protective effect

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that supplementation of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), one of the omega-3 fatty acids commonly found in fish oil, has a protective effect on the development of GI tract tumors in individuals with the inherited APC gene mutation. Omega-6 fatty acids and saturated fatty acids have not been shown to have the same protective effect, and the role of soy protein supplementation in this context is not well-established. Studies have shown that supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid, an omega-3 fatty acid, has a protective effect against GI tract tumors in individuals with an inherited APC gene. Omega-6 fatty acids and saturated fatty acids have not been shown to have a protective effect, and while soy protein has been studied as a potential chemopreventive agent, its efficacy in this particular population is not well-established.

Question 13

The primary difficulty in predicting the benefits of dietary changes and how they will affect gene expression is:

Accepted Answer

Not everyone responds the same to environmental exposures, including dietary changes. Gene expression can be influenced by a variety of factors, including genetics, lifestyle, and environmental exposures. Therefore, it is difficult to predict how an individual's gene expression may be affected by a specific dietary change, as responses can vary greatly among individuals. Gene expression can vary greatly from person to person, even if they have similar dietary habits. This can make it difficult to predict exactly how dietary changes will affect gene expression. Additionally, environmental factors such as stress and physical activity levels can also influence gene expression.

Question 14

The process of cell reproduction where only one member of each pair of chromosomes is passed on is termed:

Accepted Answer

Meiosis is the process of cell reproduction where only one member of each pair of chromosomes is passed on. Mitosis is the process of cell division where both members of each pair of chromosomes are passed on. Karyotype is a visual representation of an individual's chromosomes. The human genome project was a research project aimed at mapping and sequencing the entire human genome. Meiosis is the process of cell division where only one member of each pair of chromosomes is passed on to the resulting cells. This results in the production of gametes (sperm and egg cells) with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Mitosis, on the other hand, results in the production of two identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Karyotype is a visualization of an individual's chromosomes, and the Human Genome Project was a research project aimed at mapping the human genome.

Question 15

The genetic material lies within each nucleus of each cell in the body except:

Accepted Answer

Red Blood Cells (RBC) do not have a nucleus, and hence do not contain genetic material. Red blood cells (RBC) do not have a nucleus and therefore do not contain genetic material.

Question 16

The recent advent of _____ technology permits large-scale exploration of the effects of diet on the expression of thousands of genes

Accepted Answer

Microarray technology allows for the analysis of gene expression on a large scale, making it a suitable choice for exploring the effects of diet on thousands of genes at once. Allele refers to different versions of a gene, genetic testing is a broad term that can encompass many different types of genetic analyses, and immunoassay typically refers to testing for the presence of proteins, not gene expression. Microarray technology allows for the simultaneous analysis of expression levels for thousands of genes, making it ideal for large-scale exploration of the effects of diet on gene expression. Alleles, immunoassays, and genetic testing are not directly related to this type of analysis.

Question 17

The interaction between drugs and an individual's genome is called:

Accepted Answer

Pharmacogenomics is the study of how a person's genetic makeup contributes to their response to drugs. It involves analyzing how an individual's genes can affect their response to certain medications, including how the body absorbs, metabolizes, and eliminates drugs. This information can be used to tailor drug treatments to an individual's specific genetic makeup, leading to more effective and personalized treatments. Nutrigenomics, on the other hand, is the study of how nutrition interacts with an individual's genome, while genotyping and phenotyping are broader terms that refer to the analysis of an individual's genetic makeup and physical characteristics, respectively. Pharmacogenomics refers to how an individual's genetic makeup affects their response to drugs. It involves studying how genetic variations may impact drug efficacy, metabolism, and side effects. Nutrigenomics is the study of how genetic variations may impact an individual's response to nutrients and dietary components. Genotyping involves identifying an individual's genetic variations or polymorphisms, and phenotyping involves describing an individual's physical, biochemical, and behavioral characteristics.

Question 18

Prader-Willi syndrome is best described as an error in:

Accepted Answer

Prader-Willi syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the lack of active genes from the father's chromosome 15 due to a deletion or abnormality in genomic imprinting. The genotype, metabolism, and number of nucleotides are not directly involved with this syndrome. Prader-Willi syndrome is caused by a lack of expression of genes on the paternal chromosome 15 due to genomic imprinting. This means that certain genes on the paternal chromosome are "silenced" and only the maternal copy is expressed, resulting in a range of physical, behavioral, and intellectual symptoms. It is not an error in genotype, metabolism, or the number of nucleotides.

Question 19

One of the greatest challenges for the RD in the emerging field of nutrigenomics is:

Accepted Answer

Nutrigenomics involves tailoring nutrition recommendations based on an individual's unique genetic makeup. This requires the RD to individualize diets and counseling for each person, which can be challenging. Phenotyping and genome mapping are important aspects of nutrigenomics, but individualization of diets and counseling is the greatest challenge. Deciding which chronic diseases to target may also be a consideration, but is not the main challenge for the RD in nutrigenomics. The emerging field of nutrigenomics involves studying the interaction between genes, nutrition, and health. RDs in this field must be able to individualize diets and counseling based on a person's specific genetic makeup, which can be a significant challenge. Phenotyping an individual and mapping the genome are important components of nutrigenomics, but individualizing diets and counseling is the primary challenge for RDs practicing in this area. Deciding which chronic diseases to target is also an important consideration, but it is not the greatest challenge in the emerging field of nutrigenomics.

Question 20

The process of cell division is termed:

Accepted Answer

The process of cell division that refers to the division of the nucleus and its chromosomes is called mitosis. Meiosis is a specialized type of cell division that occurs only in sexually reproducing organisms, resulting in the formation of gametes. Karyotype is the visual representation of an individual's chromosomes, while the Human Genome Project is a scientific endeavor aimed at mapping and sequencing the human genome. The process of cell division is specifically referred to as mitosis. Meiosis is also a type of cell division, but it is only involved in the production of gametes (eggs and sperm). Karyotype refers to the visual representation of a person's chromosomes, and the Human Genome Project is a scientific endeavor focused on mapping and sequencing the entire human genome.

Quiz 10: Nutritional Genomics