Question 1

The sampling process begins by locating appropriate data sources called ___________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The sampling process begins by locating appropriate...

Question 2

The only way one can eliminate sampling error is to take the whole population as the sample.

Accepted Answer

When the entire population is included as the sample, there is no chance of sampling error as every unit of the population is covered. However, it may not always be feasible or practical to include the whole population as the sample, and in such cases, proper sampling techniques can be used to minimize sampling error.

Question 3

In business statistics class students sit randomly without preferences.A sample is selected by including everybody who sits in the first row.This is an example of a cluster sample.

Accepted Answer

A cluster sample is when a population is divided into groups or clusters and a random sample of clusters is selected, with all individuals in the selected clusters included in the sample. In this case, the first row is a cluster and all individuals in that cluster are included in the sample, which fits the definition of a cluster sample. This is an example of a cluster sample as the sample is selected by including everyone in a particular cluster, which in this case is the first row of the class.

Question 4

Measurement error can become an ethical issue when a survey sponsor chooses leading questions that guide the responses in a direction.

Accepted Answer

Leading questions can influence the respondents' answers in a certain direction and can therefore introduce measurement error, which can be considered unethical if the survey sponsor has a vested interest in the results. Leading questions can be deliberately designed to bias the responses towards a certain direction, which can result in inaccurate measurements and violate ethical principles of research.

Question 5

Selection bias occurs more frequently in systematic samples than in simple random samples.

Accepted Answer

Selection bias is more likely in systematic sampling because the method involves selecting elements from a list at regular intervals, which might inadvertently favor certain patterns within the population, whereas simple random sampling gives every member of the population an equal chance of being selected, reducing the risk of such bias.

Question 6

The question: "How much did you earn last year rounded to the nearest hundreds of dollars?" will most likely result in measurement error.

Accepted Answer

This question requires respondents to recall and report their earnings from the previous year, which can be difficult and subject to memory biases. Additionally, rounding to the nearest hundreds of dollars may introduce additional measurement error as respondents may round up or down differently. Therefore, there is a high chance that this question will result in measurement error.

Question 7

The question "How many times have you abused illicit drugs in the last 6 months?" will most likely result in nonresponse error.

Accepted Answer

People may be hesitant or unwilling to disclose their drug use due to fear of legal or social consequences, stigma, or personal privacy concerns, leading to nonresponse error.

Question 8

The professor of a business statistics class wanted to find out the mean amount of time per week her students spent studying for the class.She divided the students into the left, right and center groups according to the location they sat in the class that day. One of these 3 groups was randomly selected and everyone in the group was asked the mean amount of time per week he/she spent studying for the class.This is an example of a cluster sample.

Accepted Answer

The professor divided the students into groups based on their seating location, which is an example of cluster sampling. The sample was randomly selected from one of the groups, which is also a characteristic of cluster sampling.

Question 9

Measurement error will become an ethical issue when the findings are presented without reference to sample size and margin of error.

Accepted Answer

While presenting findings without reference to sample size and margin of error may lead to inaccurate conclusions, it does not necessarily constitute an ethical issue. Ethical issues may arise if the measurement error is knowingly or intentionally misrepresented or if the findings are used to harm individuals or groups.

Question 10

The question: "Have you used any form of illicit drugs over the past 2 months?" will most likely result in measurement error if the question is answered.

Accepted Answer

The question is subjective and relies on the participant's honesty and willingness to disclose their drug use, which may lead to underreporting or misreporting. This is a form of measurement error.

Question 11

The question "Is your household income last year somewhere between $50,000 and $100,000?" will most likely result in coverage error.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The question "Is your household income last...

Question 12

An electronic appliance chain gathered customer opinions on their services using the customer feedback forms that are attached to the product registration forms.This is an example of a convenience sample.

Accepted Answer

A convenience sample is one that is selected based on the ease of access to the participants. In this case, the customers who filled out the forms were readily available to provide feedback, making it a convenience sample.

Question 13

The professor of a business statistics class wanted to find out the mean amount of time per week her students spent studying for the class.She divided the fifty students on her roster into ten groups starting from the first student on the roster.The first student was randomly selected from the first group.Then every tenth student was selected from the remaining students.This is an example of a cluster sample.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of systematic sampling, not cluster sampling, because every tenth student is selected after a random starting point, rather than selecting entire groups (clusters) at random.

Question 14

Sampling error becomes an ethical issue if the findings are purposely presented without reference to sample size and margin of error so that the sponsor can promote a viewpoint that might otherwise be truly insignificant.

Accepted Answer

If the findings are purposely presented without reference to sample size and margin of error, it can mislead the audience and condone dishonesty, which is an ethical issue.

Question 15

To gather opinions on the efficacy of U.S.foreign policies, a sample of 50 faculty members is selected from the pool of university professors who have taught political science at the graduate level.This is an example of a judgment sample.

Accepted Answer

A judgment sample is a non-random sampling technique where the researcher selects participants based on their expert judgment or knowledge of the population being studied. In this case, the researcher is selecting faculty members who have taught political science at the graduate level, indicating a level of expertise in the topic of foreign policies.

Question 16

Measurement error can become an ethical issue when an interviewer purposely guides the responses in a direction.

Accepted Answer

Purposely guiding responses in a certain direction can lead to biased or inaccurate data, which can be unethical in research. It is important for interviewers to remain neutral and objective in their questioning to avoid any potential manipulation of responses. When an interviewer purposely guides the responses in a direction, it can result in inaccurate or biased data, which can have serious ethical implications when the data is used for decision-making. This violates the principle of integrity and honesty in research, and can harm the participants or others affected by the decision-making based on the inaccurate data.

Question 17

If you randomly select a student from the first row of a business statistics class and then every other fifth student thereafter until you get a sample of 20 students, this is an example of a convenience sample.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of systematic sampling, not a convenience sample, because it involves selecting every nth individual from a list or queue.

Question 18

Coverage error can become an ethical issue if a group is intentionally excluded from the frame.

Accepted Answer

Intentionally excluding a group from the frame can lead to discrimination and bias in the coverage, which is an ethical issue. Excluding a particular group from coverage can lead to biased and unfair representation, affecting their social and political standing. It can also give a distorted view of reality to the audience, ultimately impacting their perception of the excluded group. This can result in ethical concerns and questions about the intent of the coverage.

Question 19

________results from the failure to collect data on all subjects in the sample.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ________results from the failure to collect data...

Question 20

You stand at the main entrance to a departmental store and pick the first 20 customers that enter the store after it has opened its door for business on a single day.This is an example of a systematic sample.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of a convenience sample because it involves selecting individuals who are conveniently available without following a systematic selection process.

Quiz 1: Defining and Collecting Data