Question 1

Disorders that consist of serious impairments in a child's reciprocal social interaction and communication and include stereotypical behaviors, interests, and activities are called

Accepted Answer

The description given in the question fits the criteria for autism spectrum disorder, which is characterized by difficulties in communication and social interaction, as well as repetitive or stereotypical behaviors, interests, and activities. The other options listed do not fit this description.

Question 2

Until the 1970s, autism spectrum disorder was thought to be caused by ____________, or parents who were emotionally unresponsive to their infants.

Accepted Answer

Until the 1970s, the prevailing view was that autism was caused by "refrigerator mothers" who were cold and unloving towards their children, leading to a lack of emotional bonding and attachment. This theory has since been widely discredited as not supported by scientific evidence.

Question 3

Treatment for learning disorders generally occurs

Accepted Answer

Treatment for learning disorders typically occurs in educational settings, such as through specialized instruction or accommodations in the classroom. These services are typically provided through a student's school or district. While some support may also occur at home or in afterschool programs, the primary location for treatment is within the educational setting. Community-based outreach programs may provide additional resources and support, but are not typically the primary location for treatment of learning disorders.

Question 4

According to your text, 60% to 75% of children with autism spectrum disorder have IQs:

Accepted Answer

The majority of children with autism spectrum disorder have IQs below 70, indicating significant challenges in intellectual functioning. This statistic highlights the prevalence of intellectual disability within this population.

Question 5

____________ is a behavioral intervention that uses shaping and positive reinforcement to improve specific behaviors.

Accepted Answer

The description matches the principles of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), which is a therapy that focuses on shaping and reinforcing desirable behaviors through positive reinforcement. Cognitive behavioral therapy (A) typically focuses on identifying and addressing negative thought patterns that are leading to emotional distress, while family systems therapy (C) focuses on improving communication and relationships within a family unit. Solution-focused treatment (D) is a therapy that encourages clients to focus on their future goals and finding solutions rather than dwelling on past problems.

Question 6

Which type of treatment offers the best long-term outcomes for children with autism spectrum disorder?

Accepted Answer

Behavioral therapy, specifically applied behavior analysis (ABA) has been shown to offer the best long-term outcomes for children with autism spectrum disorder. ABA focuses on teaching functional skills and addressing problem behaviors through positive reinforcement and systematic instruction. This approach has been shown to improve communication, socialization, and adaptive skills in individuals with ASD. While other types of therapy, such as cognitive therapy and psychodynamic therapy, can be helpful to some individuals with ASD, they typically do not address the core symptoms of the disorder in the same way that ABA does. Family therapy can also be beneficial in supporting the child's development and promoting positive family relationships, but it is typically used in conjunction with behavioral therapy rather than as a standalone treatment.

Question 7

Diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder change as research provides more information on the symptoms and causes. Which of the following has been a result of this?

Accepted Answer

As research provides more information on the symptoms and causes of autism spectrum disorder, diagnostic criteria have become more refined and inclusive, leading to an increase in the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders.

Question 8

____________ is a common childhood disorder that is characterized by inattentiveness, excessive energy, and impulsivity.

Accepted Answer

The given symptoms of inattentiveness, excessive energy, and impulsivity are all common features of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, and disruptive behavior disorder are also childhood disorders, but they are not characterized by these specific symptoms.

Question 9

The text describes two alternate explanations for the increased rate of autistic disorder, which are

Accepted Answer

The text describes the two alternate explanations for the increased rate of autistic disorder as changes in diagnostic practices and the addition of two new disorders to the autism spectrum category.

Question 10

Concordance rates for reading impairment are approximately _____% for monozygotic twins and _____% for dizygotic twins.

Accepted Answer

The concordance rates for reading impairment are higher for monozygotic twins (75%) than for dizygotic twins (50%), indicating a genetic contribution to the disorder. Choice A (50%; 25%) and B (75%; 25%) are incorrect because they do not reflect the higher concordance rates for monozygotic twins. Choice D (90%; 50%) is incorrect as it overestimates the concordance rates for both types of twins.

Question 11

Which of the following are contributing factors in the development of autism spectrum disorder?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following are contributing factors...

Question 12

The onset of autism spectrum disorder is always before the age of

Accepted Answer

The onset of autism spectrum disorder is always before the age of 3, as symptoms usually start to appear around 12-18 months of age. Therefore, option C is the best choice.

Question 13

The incidence of autism spectrum is _____ correlated with _____ age.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The incidence of autism spectrum is _____...

Question 14

Problem behaviors are classified into five groups. Positive reinforcement and shaping do not figure into the treatment plan for

Accepted Answer

Positive reinforcement and shaping are techniques used to increase desired behaviors. Aberrant behaviors, such as aggression or self-injury, are not desired and should be reduced through other interventions such as punishment or extinction. Language deficits, academic skills, and social skills can all benefit from the use of positive reinforcement and shaping to increase appropriate behaviors.

Question 15

Support for a neurodevelopmental basis of autism spectrum disorder is found in

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often experience unusually accelerated head and brain growth in the first few years of life, suggesting a neurodevelopmental basis for the disorder.

Answer: D
 While there is no single genetic mechanism that has been identified as causing ASD, research has shown that brain abnormalities are likely involved in the condition, providing further support for a neurodevelopmental basis.

Option A is not the best choice because overactivation in certain areas of the brain that are associated with facial recognition and the recognition of facial expressions is only one aspect of the neurodevelopmental basis of ASD. Option B is also not the best choice because low levels of specific neurotransmitters in children with the disorder are not consistently found in all individuals with ASD and therefore cannot be considered a definitive factor in the condition's neurodevelopmental basis.

Question 16

Medications that are prescribed to manage certain behaviors in children with autism spectrum disorder include

Accepted Answer

Stimulants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and atypical antipsychotics are commonly prescribed to manage certain behaviors in children with autism spectrum disorder. Stimulants can help with attention issues, SSRIs can address anxiety and depression, and atypical antipsychotics can help with irritability and aggression.

Question 17

Supporters of the anti-vaccination movement believe that the ____________ vaccine causes autism.

Accepted Answer

The MMR vaccine has been falsely linked to autism by the anti-vaccination movement, despite numerous studies and scientific evidence proving there is no causation between the vaccine and autism.

Question 18

Approximately ____________ of parents with children who have learning disabilities use nontraditional approaches to working with specific learning disabilities, such as diet and nutritional supplements.

Accepted Answer

Approximately 55% of parents with children who have learning disabilities use nontraditional approaches, including diet and nutritional supplements, to support their child's learning needs.

Question 19

Mildly adversive procedures are used in the treatment of

Accepted Answer

Mildly adversive procedures, such as time-out or response cost, are often used in the treatment of aberrant behaviors, which may include aggressive or self-injurious behaviors. They are not typically used for social skills, daily living difficulties, or communication deficits.

Question 20

Deficits in social communication and social interaction and the presence of restrictive and repetitive behavior patterns are collectively known as

Accepted Answer

The deficits in social communication and social interaction, as well as the presence of restrictive and repetitive behavior patterns, are defining features of autism spectrum disorders. Childhood integrative disorders and developmental delay disorders are not specific terms used to describe the symptoms of autism, and disruptive behavior disorders primarily involve issues with emotional and behavioral regulation rather than social communication and interaction.

Quiz 12: Neurodevelopmental, Disruptive, Conduct, and Elimination Disorders