Question 1

Shannon is overwhelmed by feelings of being inadequate and imperfect regarding her poor grades and lack of friends. According to Adler, her feelings may lead to a(n)

Accepted Answer

Adler's theory suggests that feelings of inadequacy and imperfection, especially when related to societal or personal standards like grades and social connections, can lead to an inferiority complex. This is where an individual might feel overwhelmingly inferior to others due to their perceived failures or shortcomings.

Question 2

According to Adler, the pattern of personality and behavior that defines the pathway each person takes through life is called his or her

Accepted Answer

Adler's concept of "style of life" refers to the unique way an individual seeks to achieve superiority and fulfill their goals, shaping their personality and behavior throughout life.

Question 3

Jada would be described as a strong, independent woman, although somewhat of a loner. According to Karen Horney, when Jada experiences conflict at work, she will be most likely to exhibit which mode of interacting?

Accepted Answer

Karen Horney's theory suggests that individuals cope with anxiety in one of three ways: moving toward people (compliance), moving against people (aggression), or moving away from people (withdrawal). Given Jada's description as a strong, independent woman and somewhat of a loner, she is most likely to exhibit the "moving away" mode of interacting when experiencing conflict, as it aligns with her tendency to be independent and solitary.

Question 4

Because Marta has always felt that she could not express her ideas and feelings verbally, she has immersed herself in her artwork. Adler would say that Marta

Accepted Answer

Adler's theory suggests that individuals compensate for their feelings of inferiority by developing skills or abilities in other areas. Marta's immersion in artwork as a means of expression is an example of compensation for her perceived weakness in verbal communication.

Question 5

When Armad becomes stressed because others at the investment fund were being promoted over him, he began to point out their errors in meetings and to withhold information from them in order to gain an advantage over his rivals. Armad would be described by Karen Horney as using which mode of interacting?

Accepted Answer

Armad's behavior of pointing out errors and withholding information to gain an advantage aligns with Karen Horney's "moving against" mode of interacting. This mode involves dealing with anxiety by adopting an aggressive stance towards others, trying to dominate or outperform them.

Question 6

When Emily becomes stressed by her job as an elementary teacher, she always heads to the teachers' lounge to talk her problems over with her fellow teachers. Emily would be described by Karen Horney as using which mode of interacting?

Accepted Answer

Karen Horney described "moving toward others" as a strategy where individuals cope with anxiety by seeking the approval and affection of others. In Emily's case, she seeks support and understanding from her fellow teachers when stressed, fitting this mode of interacting.

Question 7

Which personality theorist was among the first to challenge the obvious male bias in Freud's thinking as well as disagreeing with Freud about the causes of neurosis?

Accepted Answer

Karen Horney was a pioneering figure in psychoanalysis who directly challenged Freud's theories, particularly criticizing the male bias in his work and offering different views on the causes of neurosis.

Question 8

Karen Horney believed that trouble occurs when an individual tries to control basic anxiety by

Accepted Answer

Karen Horney proposed that individuals might try to manage their basic anxiety by excessively depending on one particular way of interacting with others, which can lead to imbalances and psychological issues. This is different from using compensation, repressing anxiety, or creating archetypes, which are concepts associated with other theorists.

Question 9

According to Adler, when a person tries to make up for certain limitations or weaknesses and overcome feelings of inadequacy, he or she is exhibiting

Accepted Answer

Adler's concept of compensation refers to the process of overcoming feelings of inferiority or inadequacy by developing one's abilities or skills in other areas. This is a central idea in Adlerian psychology, emphasizing how individuals strive to overcome their perceived weaknesses.

Question 10

According to Karen Horney, the "modes of interacting" include all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

Karen Horney's theory of neurotic coping strategies includes three modes of interacting: moving toward others (compliance), moving against others (aggression), and moving away from others (detachment). "Moving and aiding others" is not one of the modes she identified.

Question 11

In order to make the workplace more pleasant, Elena has to hide her true feelings about some of her co-workers and treat them all as "friends." According to Jung, this hiding of her true feelings illustrates Elena's

Accepted Answer

According to Carl Jung, the persona is the aspect of our personality that we present to the world, essentially the "mask" we wear in social interactions to conform to societal expectations. In Elena's case, treating all her co-workers as "friends" despite her true feelings is an example of her adopting a persona to make the workplace more pleasant.

Question 12

Although everyone strives for superiority, each person will choose a different pathway to superiority as they deal with different personal limitations by

Accepted Answer

Individuals strive for superiority by compensating for their limitations, rather than denying, repressing, or projecting blame. This compensation can involve developing skills or abilities in other areas to overcome or balance out their perceived weaknesses.

Question 13

Karen Horney believed that a core of basic anxiety occurs when people

Accepted Answer

Karen Horney proposed that a core of basic anxiety in individuals arises from feelings of isolation and helplessness in a potentially hostile world, with these feelings having their roots in childhood experiences.

Question 14

According to Horney, which of the following occurs when people feel isolated and helpless in a hostile world?

Accepted Answer

Karen Horney proposed the concept of basic anxiety as the feeling that arises in individuals when they feel isolated, helpless, or in a hostile world. This contrasts with existential or identity crises, which involve questioning existence or personal identity, and moral anxiety, which relates to the fear of violating moral or societal codes.

Question 15

The negative pattern that arises, according to Adler, when we fail in our struggle to overcome our personal limitations is called a(n)

Accepted Answer

Adler theorized that when individuals fail in their attempts to overcome personal limitations, they may develop an inferiority complex, which is a feeling of inadequacy stemming from a perceived lack of worth.

Question 16

Horney believed that emotional health reflects

Accepted Answer

Karen Horney proposed that emotional health is indicated by a person's ability to balance three modes of dealing with the world: moving toward others (compliance), moving against others (aggression), and moving away from others (detachment). This balance allows for healthy interpersonal relationships and personal development.

Question 17

Later in his life, Montell began to emphasize that people construct their personalities through choices and experiences and develop what he called the

Accepted Answer

Montell's emphasis on the idea that people construct their personalities through choices and experiences aligns with the concept of the "creative self." This term suggests that individuals actively participate in the shaping of their own personalities through creativity and personal experiences.

Question 18

Which of the following was a student of Freud's but developed his own ideas, which included such concepts as the persona, introversion and extroversion, the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious, and archetypes?

Accepted Answer

Carl Jung was a student of Freud who developed his own psychological theories, including concepts like the persona, introversion and extroversion, the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious, and archetypes.

Question 19

According to Horney, emotional problems

Accepted Answer

Karen Horney proposed that emotional problems stem from an overuse or over-reliance on one of three modes of interacting with the world: moving toward people (compliance), moving against people (aggression), or moving away from people (detachment). She believed that while everyone uses these strategies to some extent, overreliance on any one of them can lead to psychological issues.

Question 20

Jung called the "mask" or "public self," which we present to others when we adopt particular roles, the

Accepted Answer

Jung referred to the "mask" or "public self" that individuals present to others, especially when adopting specific roles in society, as the persona. This concept is central to his theory of the psyche, distinguishing between the persona and the individual's true self or identity.

Quiz 12: Personality