Question 1

There are two aspects of justice, but under this aspect there should be a consistent application of law.

Accepted Answer

Procedural justice focuses on the fairness and the transparency of the processes by which decisions are made. It emphasizes the need for consistency in the application of laws and procedures.

Question 2

This philosopher argued that social and economic inequalities are just if these inequalities are to everyone's benefit.

Accepted Answer

John Rawls is known for his theory of justice as fairness, which includes the principle that social and economic inequalities are just only if they result in compensating benefits for everyone, particularly the least advantaged members of society.

Question 3

Under this approach, what is important is that the decision was made for the right reasons.

Accepted Answer

Deontology is an ethical approach that emphasizes the importance of making decisions based on the right reasons or principles, rather than focusing solely on the outcomes or consequences of those decisions.

Question 4

This theory argues that equals should be treated equally in relation to their relevant equalities and differences.

Accepted Answer

Distributive justice is the theory that focuses on ensuring that goods and resources are distributed in a society in a way that treats equals equally, taking into account their relevant similarities and differences. It emphasizes fairness and equality in the allocation of resources and responsibilities.

Question 5

This theory argues that the best ethical alternative is the one that will produce the greatest amount of happiness to the largest number of stakeholders.

Accepted Answer

Utilitarianism is the ethical theory that posits the best action is the one that maximizes utility, typically defined as that which produces the greatest well-being of the greatest number of people. This theory focuses on the outcomes of actions to determine their moral worth.

Question 6

Two weaknesses of the following approach are that (1)it is difficult to determine who demonstrates integrity in the workplace and (2)it is difficult to choose between compassion and not betraying somebody's trust.

Accepted Answer

The approach described focuses on personal characteristics such as integrity and compassion, which aligns with Virtue Ethics. Virtue Ethics emphasizes the role of one's character and virtues in ethical decision-making, rather than rules (Deontology), outcomes (Utilitarianism), fairness (Distributive Justice), or creative ethical problem solving (Moral Imagination).

Question 7

Ethical dilemmas arise when:

Accepted Answer

Ethical dilemmas typically occur when norms and values are in conflict, forcing individuals to choose between two or more competing ethical principles.

Question 8

Minority rights may be violated under this approach.

Accepted Answer

Utilitarianism, which focuses on the greatest good for the greatest number, can lead to situations where the rights or interests of minorities are overlooked or violated if doing so benefits the majority.

Question 9

A difficulty in applying this approach is identifying all possible stakeholders impacted by the decision.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A difficulty in applying this approach is...

Question 10

This philosopher argued that self-interest motivates people to form peaceful civil societies.

Accepted Answer

Thomas Hobbes argued that in the state of nature, life would be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short," and thus, out of self-interest, people agree to form civil societies and submit to an authority to ensure peace and survival.

Question 11

This theory focuses on the moral character of the decision maker.

Accepted Answer

Virtue ethics emphasizes the role of one's character and the virtues that one's character embodies for determining or evaluating ethical behavior. It focuses on the moral character of the decision maker rather than the consequences of specific actions or the rules governing them.

Question 12

This theory is concerned with the motivation of the decision maker rather than the consequences of the decision.

Accepted Answer

The answer of This theory is concerned with the motivation...

Question 13

According to distributive justice theory, there are three main criteria for determining the just distribution.

Accepted Answer

Distributive justice theory typically considers need, arithmetic equality, and merit as the main criteria for determining a just distribution of resources.

Question 14

This approach presupposes that happiness, utility, pleasure, pain, and anguish can be quantified.

Accepted Answer

Utilitarianism is the ethical theory that presupposes the quantification of happiness, utility, pleasure, pain, and anguish, aiming to maximize happiness or utility.

Question 15

This philosopher argued that self-interest leads to economic cooperation.

Accepted Answer

Adam Smith is known for his theory that individuals' self-interest naturally leads to economic cooperation, as outlined in his seminal work, "The Wealth of Nations." He introduced the concept of the "invisible hand," suggesting that individuals working for their own gain can benefit society as a whole.

Question 16

This approach focuses on coming up with an innovative solution to an ethical dilemma

Accepted Answer

Moral imagination involves creatively thinking through ethical dilemmas to come up with innovative solutions that are both practical and ethically sound. It goes beyond conventional ethical frameworks by encouraging individuals to envision new possibilities and outcomes.

Question 17

A problem with this theory is that the categorical imperative does not provide clear guidelines for deciding what is right and wrong when two or more moral laws conflict and only one can be chosen.

Accepted Answer

Deontology, particularly as formulated by Immanuel Kant, emphasizes duty, rules, and the universality of moral principles. The categorical imperative is a central concept in Kantian deontology, which directs individuals to act only according to maxims that can be universally applied. However, it has been criticized for not providing clear guidelines for resolving conflicts between competing moral duties, as the theory focuses on the adherence to universal moral laws rather than the consequences of actions or the character of the individual.

Question 18

This approach, a variant of utilitarianism, considers an action to be ethically good if it will probably produce a greater balance of good over evil.

Accepted Answer

The answer of This approach, a variant of utilitarianism, considers...

Question 19

If managers use moral imagination to determine ethical alternatives, the decisions need to be good for:

Accepted Answer

Moral imagination in decision-making involves considering the ethical implications of decisions and ensuring they are good for the individual, the firm, and society at large.

Question 20

Individuals may be ethical because of:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Individuals may be ethical because of:
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Quiz 3: Ethical Behaviorphilosophers Contributions