Question 1

According to the Atkinson and Shiffrin model of memory, information flows through three stages. What illustrates the correct flow of information in this model?

Accepted Answer

The Atkinson and Shiffrin model of memory proposes that information flows through three stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Question 2

The first stage of the Atkinson‑Shiffrin model involved the retention of large amounts of incoming data for very brief amounts of time. This is called ____.

Accepted Answer

The first stage of the Atkinson‑Shiffrin model is sensory memory, which involves the retention of large amounts of incoming data for very brief amounts of time. Declarative memory and explicit memory refer to types of long-term memory, while short-term memory refers to a different stage of the memory process.

Question 3

Will is 10 years old and preparing for a spelling contest. He is starting to memorize the spelling of the word antidisestablishmentarianism . He realizes that he can group the letters into anti, dis, establish, and so forth. This process is called ____.

Accepted Answer

Chunking is the process of breaking up long strings of information into smaller, more manageable chunks, which can then be easily memorized. This technique can be used to memorize anything from phone numbers to complex academic terms, like the word in the question. Rehearsal refers to the process of repeating information over and over again in order to commit it to memory, consolidation refers to the process of moving information from short-term to long-term memory, and encoding refers to the initial process of taking in information and transforming it into a format that can be stored in memory. While these processes are all related to memory, they do not specifically pertain to the technique of chunking.

Question 4

The second stage of the Atkinson‑Shiffrin model holds a small amount of information for a limited time. This is called ____.

Accepted Answer

The second stage of the Atkinson‑Shiffrin model is short-term memory, which holds a small amount of information for a limited time.

Question 5

The "magic number 7 plus or minus 2" refers to the ____.

Accepted Answer

The "magic number 7 plus or minus 2" refers to the capacity of short-term memory, which is typically limited to holding around 7 ± 2 items at a time. This concept was first proposed by psychologist George Miller in 1956.

Question 6

After class, Anita and Bev make plans to study for their psychology exam together but cannot decide on a time or location. In addition, Anita realizes that she left her phone in her apartment. Anita and Bev decide to tell one another their e-mails before running off to their next class, but neither stops to write the information down. They will likely retain this information in sensory memory for ____.

Accepted Answer

Sensory memory is the shortest-term element of memory, lasting for only a fraction of a second. So, Anita and Bev will retain the information for a second or less.

Question 7

After class, Anita and Bev make plans to study for their psychology exam together but cannot decide on a time or location. In addition, Anita realizes that she left her phone in her apartment. Anita and Bev agree that it is easiest to meet at Bev's dorm. Bev gives Anita her room number and passcode. Anita likely will be able to retain this information in short-term memory, without additional processing, for ____.

Accepted Answer

Short-term memory is generally capable of retaining information for up to 30 seconds without rehearsal or further processing. Therefore, Anita is likely to remember Bev's dorm room number and passcode for no more than 30 seconds without actively trying to remember or rehearse the information.

Question 8

As Harry walks out of the supermarket, he sees his parked car get hit by another car. He tries to memorize the make, model, and license plate number of the other car. According to Baddeley's model, he is using his working memory's ____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of As Harry walks out of the supermarket,...

Question 9

Allan and Bob are debating the true meaning of the term memory . How does your textbook define this process?

Accepted Answer

Memory is defined as the ability to retain knowledge, which involves storing and recalling information over time.

Question 10

Stephen has just finished composing his first poem, entitled Clouded Memories , for his poetry slam class. He is slated to recite the first 10 lines during class tonight, and repeats them over and over to himself as he is walking there. This is called ____.

Accepted Answer

Maintenance rehearsal is the process of repeating information over and over in order to keep it in short-term memory. In this scenario, Stephen is repeating the first 10 lines of his poem to himself in order to keep them in his short-term memory until he recites them during class. Elaborative rehearsal, on the other hand, involves making associations with the information in order to transfer it to long-term memory. Chunking involves grouping information together to make it easier to remember, and consolidation is the process of transferring information from short-term to long-term memory.

Question 11

Carlos asks Laura to write down her phone number and e-mail address. He promptly loses the slip of paper. However, he finds that he stills remembers them both. This is possible because ____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Carlos asks Laura to write down her...

Question 12

Jenna tickles her 5-year-old son. This sensory input is first translated into ____.

Accepted Answer

Haptic code refers to the sensory input related to touch, which is relevant when Jenna tickles her son.

Question 13

The four components of working memory proposed by Baddeley et al. are called the central executive, the episodic buffer, the visuospatial sketch pad, and the ____ loop.

Accepted Answer

The four components of working memory are the central executive, the episodic buffer, the visuospatial sketch pad, and the phonological loop. The phonological loop is responsible for the auditory processing and maintenance of verbal information in working memory.

Question 14

What is an adaptation of the short-term memory model that involves the active manipulation of multiple types of information simultaneously?

Accepted Answer

Working memory is an adaptation of the short-term memory model that involves the active manipulation and processing of multiple types of information simultaneously.

Question 15

The information processing continuum flows both from the bottom up and the top down. What is the correct order of steps in this process, starting from the bottom up?

Accepted Answer

The correct order from the bottom up is attention, sensation, perception, learning, memory, thinking, problem solving. This sequence reflects the progression from basic sensory input to higher cognitive processes.

Question 16

What is the correct ordering of the processes of memory?

Accepted Answer

The correct order of memory processes is encoding (processing information into memory), storage (maintaining information over time), and retrieval (accessing stored information when needed).

Question 17

Chunking is the ____.

Accepted Answer

Chunking refers to the process of grouping similar or meaningful information together in order to increase the capacity of short-term memory. It is not the recovery of stored information from long-term memory storage, repetition of information, or transformation of information from one form to another.

Question 18

The "magic number 7 plus or minus 2" was first identified by psychologist ____.

Accepted Answer

The "magic number 7 plus or minus 2" was first identified by psychologist George Miller in 1956.

Question 19

Both brains and computers have the ability to store memories, with one critical difference. What is this difference?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Both brains and computers have the ability...

Question 20

Jeremy is typing a term paper on his computer and saves it every 5 minutes, just to be safe. How does the computer's memory store this file differently than Jeremy's memory?

Accepted Answer

The computer stores an identical copy of the file in its memory, unlike human memory which often stores information in a more abstract or semantic form.

Quiz 9: The Knowing Mind: Memory