Question 1

According to the principle of guided participation, cognitive growth results from
A) biological maturation.
B) interactions with a more skilled individual.
C) independent learning.
D) application of operant conditioning principles.

Accepted Answer

The principle of guided participation emphasizes that cognitive growth occurs through interactions with more skilled individuals, who guide the learner through the learning process. This approach highlights the importance of social and cultural contexts in learning.

Question 2

How would a parent utilize guided participation to improve the math skills of her child?
A) Encourage him or her to play a math-based computer game.
B) Buy him or her a study guide on math.
C) Encourage him or her to find and solve math problems in everyday life (e.g., the number of eggs in a carton).
D) Have him or her play a series of math games with a more math-skilled sibling.

Accepted Answer

The answer of How would a parent utilize guided participation...

Question 3

The ____ principle of counting states that number names must be counted in the same sequence.
A) one-to-one
B) stable-order
C) habituation
D) cardinality

Accepted Answer

The stable-order principle of counting states that numbers must be counted in the same sequence, ensuring consistency in the order of number names when counting objects.

Question 4

Dr. McCoy is attempting to determine the zone of proximal development for Jim when Jim works on complex mazes. In order to do so, Dr. McCoy must measure Jim's personal performance on the maze and
A) Jim's performance on several other Piagetian tasks.
B) Jim's maze performance when assisted by a skilled helper.
C) Jim's peers' performance on the same maze.
D) how well Jim performed on the same maze earlier in his life.

Accepted Answer

The zone of proximal development, a concept introduced by Vygotsky, refers to the difference between what a learner can do without help and what he or she can achieve with guidance and encouragement from a skilled partner. Therefore, measuring Jim's performance on the maze when assisted by a skilled helper (option B) directly assesses this zone.

Question 5

While counting four objects, Yoshiko says "1, 2, 4, 8" one time and "2, 1, 4, 8" the next time. This demonstrates that Yoshiko has failed to master the ____ principle of counting.
A) stable-order
B) cardinality
C) one-to-one
D) habituation

Accepted Answer

The stable-order principle of counting states that numbers should be recited in a consistent, conventional order. Yoshiko's variation in the sequence of counting (saying "1, 2, 4, 8" in one instance and "2, 1, 4, 8" in another) indicates a misunderstanding of this principle.

Question 6

Scaffolding involves a teaching style in which assistance is always
A) from peers.
B) nonverbal.
C) done in informal settings.
D) based on the level of the learner's needs.

Accepted Answer

Scaffolding is a teaching method that adjusts the level of instructional support to match the learner's current level of performance and needs. This approach helps learners progress toward stronger understanding and greater independence in the learning process.

Question 7

Research shows that infants as young as ____ can differentiate two objects from three objects.
A) 1 month old
B) 6 months old
C) 1 year old
D) 2 years old

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that infants as young as 6 months old can differentiate between two and three objects.

Question 8

If you believed in the concept of the zone of proximal development, what advice should you give to a child who is attempting to learn how to throw a ball?
A) Tell the child to do it by him- or herself.
B) Tell the child to ask a friend who knows how to throw well to help him or her out.
C) Tell the child how easy the task is (even if it is hard).
D) You would say nothing, as advice will simply confuse the child.

Accepted Answer

The zone of proximal development is a concept developed by Soviet psychologist Lev Vygotsky, which suggests that learners can perform tasks with the help of a more knowledgeable other (MKO) that they could not achieve alone. Option B, which involves asking a friend for help, aligns with this theory by suggesting that the child seek assistance from someone more skilled, thereby facilitating learning within their zone of proximal development.

Question 9

Federer is trying to implement a scaffolding style into his teaching of tennis to Venus, who is having difficulty, and to Serena, who is doing very well. To do this, Federer must
A) be sure to praise both students for their effort, not for their successes.
B) discourage private speech in both students.
C) give Venus more assistance and give Serena less assistance.
D) promote cooperation rather than competition between the two students.

Accepted Answer

Scaffolding involves providing more support to learners who are struggling and gradually reducing assistance as they become more competent. Therefore, Federer should give Venus more assistance and Serena less assistance.

Question 10

Eleven-month-old Oreo loves cookies. One day he sees his mother putting cookies into cups for a party. As he is watching, his mom puts one cookie into the first two cups, two cookies into the next two cups, and three cookies into the last two cups. If Oreo is a normally developing 10-month-old who likes cookies, he would most likely reach for
A) the cup located nearest his left hand.
B) the first cup in which he saw a cookie being placed.
C) a cup with three cookies.
D) the darkest-colored cup.

Accepted Answer

At around 10 months, infants begin to understand object permanence and quantity, meaning Oreo would likely reach for the cup with the most cookies, showing an early understanding of quantity and preference for more of a liked object.

Question 11

Why do children in Asian countries like China or Japan tend to recall less from their early years than children from North American countries?
A) They are actively encouraged to not dwell on their pasts.
B) They are not given the same amount of opportunities to talk with parents about past events.
C) They have slightly different brains that are less effective at autobiographical memory but superior in procedural memory.
D) They have a less "rich" childhood since they come from such poor countries.

Accepted Answer

The cultural practice of discussing and reflecting on past events with parents or caregivers, which is more common in Western societies, plays a significant role in the development of autobiographical memory. In many Asian cultures, there is less emphasis on this practice, which can contribute to differences in early childhood memory recall.

Question 12

Francesca does a pretty good job of completing spelling problems but does much better if she is given direction by her teacher. The difference between what Francesca can do alone and with assistance is best defined in terms of her
A) orienting response.
B) animism.
C) one-to-one principle.
D) zone of proximal development.

Accepted Answer

The concept that best describes the difference between what Francesca can do on her own and what she can do with assistance is the "zone of proximal development." This term, introduced by psychologist Lev Vygotsky, refers to the range of tasks that a child cannot yet do independently but can accomplish with the guidance or collaboration of a more knowledgeable individual.

Question 13

Theory on the emergence of autobiographical memory suggests that in order to improve the autobiographical memory skills of his or her child, a parent would most likely
A) give the child multivitamins that include vitamin B.
B) begin to encourage the child to talk about what happened at school each day.
C) emphasize the importance of the one-to-one principle.
D) teach children how to solve conservation tasks.

Accepted Answer

Encouraging a child to talk about their daily experiences, such as what happened at school, helps in the development of autobiographical memory by promoting narrative skills and the organization of memories in a coherent, temporal structure. This practice supports the child in learning how to recall, articulate, and reflect on personal events, which are key components of autobiographical memory.

Question 14

Tayvyn is asked to count the toes on his left foot and report the total. Tayvyn says, "1, 4, 5, 2, 3. There are three!" Tayvyn is demonstrating the ____ principle of counting.
A) one-to-one
B) stable-order
C) organization
D) cardinality

Accepted Answer

Tayvyn correctly identifies the total number of items (toes) counted, which demonstrates the cardinality principle. This principle states that the last number name denotes the number of objects counted.

Question 15

Which number illustrates the fact that in English, numbers do not all follow a regular naming pattern, thus making learning to count more difficult in English than in some other number systems?
A) 1
B) 11
C) 21
D) 31

Accepted Answer

The number 11 does not follow a regular naming pattern like "oneteen" or "ten-one," making it an example of irregularity in English number naming.

Question 16

Which best exemplifies intersubjectivity?
A) The fact that identical twins sometimes appear to know what the other twin is thinking
B) The fact that most students who are good at math are also good at English
C) The fact that all members of the soccer team know that the main point is to kick a ball into a goal
D) The fact that culture influences thought and thought influences culture

Accepted Answer

Intersubjectivity refers to shared understanding among individuals. Option C exemplifies this as it describes a common understanding among team members about the main objective of their activity.

Question 17

How did Piaget and Vygotsky view the "journey" of cognitive development?
A) Both saw children as making the journey alone.
B) Piaget saw the journey as involving an apprenticeship driven by collaboration with others, while Vygotsky saw children as making the journey alone.
C) Vygotsky saw the journey as involving an apprenticeship driven by collaboration with others, while Piaget saw children as making the journey alone.
D) Both saw the journey as involving an apprenticeship driven by collaboration with others.

Accepted Answer

Piaget viewed cognitive development as a solitary process, emphasizing stages that children go through independently. Vygotsky, on the other hand, emphasized the social aspects of learning, suggesting that cognitive development is largely a result of social interaction and collaboration with others.

Question 18

What can be done to improve the credibility of the testimony of a child?
A) Question the child many times to make sure the child is convinced of the events.
B) Convince the child that the people asking her questions are important people who are only trying to help her remember what happened.
C) Use questions that test a number of different explanations concerning the event.
D) There is no need to improve credibility, since the memories of children are actually less fragile than the memories of adults.

Accepted Answer

Using questions that test a number of different explanations concerning the event can help in assessing the credibility of a child's testimony by exploring the consistency and reliability of their account from various angles. This approach encourages a comprehensive understanding of the child's perspective without leading or pressuring them, thereby potentially improving the credibility of their testimony.

Question 19

According to the ____ principle of counting, the last number in a counting sequence differs from previous numbers and denotes the total number of objects being counted.
A) stable-order
B) cardinality
C) one-to-one
D) habituation

Accepted Answer

The cardinality principle of counting states that the last number name used when counting objects represents the total number of objects in the set. This principle highlights the understanding that the final count gives the quantity of the set being counted.

Question 20

The following 3-year-olds are asked to count the number building blocks (five each) placed in front of them. Which of the following responses best illustrates the one-to-one principle?
A) Howie, who says, "1, 4, 2!"
B) Heidi, who says, "5, 3, 1, blastoff!"
C) Tyra, who says, "One hand has five fingers."
D) Simon, who says, "1, 2, C, D, F."

Accepted Answer

Simon's response best illustrates the one-to-one principle, as he attempts to assign a unique label (even though incorrect) to each block in a sequential manner, which is a fundamental aspect of counting and understanding quantity.

Quiz 4: The Emergence of Thought and Language: Cognitive Development in Infancy and Early Childhood

According to the principle of guided participation, cognitive growth results from

How would a parent utilize guided participation to improve the math skills of her child?

The ____ principle of counting states that number names must be counted in the same sequence.

Dr. McCoy is attempting to determine the zone of proximal development for Jim when Jim works on complex mazes. In order to do so, Dr. McCoy must measure Jim's personal performance on the maze and

While counting four objects, Yoshiko says "1, 2, 4, 8" one time and "2, 1, 4, 8" the next time. This demonstrates that Yoshiko has failed to master the ____ principle of counting.

Scaffolding involves a teaching style in which assistance is always

Research shows that infants as young as ____ can differentiate two objects from three objects.

If you believed in the concept of the zone of proximal development, what advice should you give to a child who is attempting to learn how to throw a ball?

Federer is trying to implement a scaffolding style into his teaching of tennis to Venus, who is having difficulty, and to Serena, who is doing very well. To do this, Federer must

Why do children in Asian countries like China or Japan tend to recall less from their early years than children from North American countries?

Francesca does a pretty good job of completing spelling problems but does much better if she is given direction by her teacher. The difference between what Francesca can do alone and with assistance is best defined in terms of her

Theory on the emergence of autobiographical memory suggests that in order to improve the autobiographical memory skills of his or her child, a parent would most likely

Tayvyn is asked to count the toes on his left foot and report the total. Tayvyn says, "1, 4, 5, 2, 3. There are three!" Tayvyn is demonstrating the ____ principle of counting.

Which number illustrates the fact that in English, numbers do not all follow a regular naming pattern, thus making learning to count more difficult in English than in some other number systems?

Which best exemplifies intersubjectivity?

How did Piaget and Vygotsky view the "journey" of cognitive development?

What can be done to improve the credibility of the testimony of a child?

According to the ____ principle of counting, the last number in a counting sequence differs from previous numbers and denotes the total number of objects being counted.

The following 3-year-olds are asked to count the number building blocks (five each) placed in front of them. Which of the following responses best illustrates the one-to-one principle?