Question 1

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is

Accepted Answer

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated. Therefore, option C is the correct answer. The other options are incorrect as they either state that the hippocampus is equally active for both new and old memories (option A), less active during memory consolidation (option B), or uninvolved in memory consolidation (option D).

Question 2

The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as

Accepted Answer

Encoding specificity refers to the principle that information is more likely to be remembered if the context in which it is encoded matches the context in which it is retrieved. This means that we should try to learn and remember information in the same environment, mental state, or situation in which we expect to use it later. For example, if you study for a test in a quiet room with no distractions, you may perform better if you take the test in a similar environment, rather than a noisy or busy one. This is because the context cues can help trigger the memory associations and retrieval cues that were encoded along with the information originally. The other options are related to memory, but not specifically to the encoding-context effect. Memory consolidation refers to the process of stabilizing and strengthening memories over time, through changes in the brain. Repetition priming refers to the phenomenon whereby prior exposure to a stimulus can facilitate its identification or processing later, due to changes in attention, expectations, or sensory processing. A self-reference effect refers to the tendency for information that is relevant or meaningful to oneself to be remembered better than other types of information, possibly due to deeper encoding or stronger associations.

Question 3

Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe formemories.

Accepted Answer

Retrograde amnesia typically affects recent memories less severely than remote memories.

Question 4

consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale,lasting weeks,months,or even years.

Accepted Answer

Systems consolidation refers to the process where memories become independent of the hippocampus over time, involving reorganization of brain circuits, and occurs over weeks, months, or years.

Question 5

Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning?

Accepted Answer

State-dependent learning is the phenomenon in which the ability to recall information is enhanced when the individual is in the same state as they were when the information was learned. In this case, Emily is able to recall happy memories of her first love when she hears "their song" because she is in the same emotional state as she was when she first heard the song.

Question 6

transforms new memories from a fragile state,in which they can be disrupted,to a more permanent state,in which they are resistant to disruption.

Accepted Answer

Consolidation is the process by which new memories are stabilized and transformed from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption.

Question 7

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval.This is called

Accepted Answer

Transfer-appropriate processing refers to the fact that memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This means that the type of processing that occurs during encoding must be similar to the type of processing that occurs during retrieval. This is different from episodic-based processing, which refers to the ability to remember specific events in one's life. Elaborative rehearsal and personal semantic memory are related to memory encoding and retrieval but do not specifically refer to the matching of task types.

Question 8

Mantyla's "banana / yellow,bunches,edible" experiment demonstrates that,for best memory performance,retrieval cues should be created

Accepted Answer

Mantyla's experiment showed that individuals recall information better when they generate their own retrieval cues, as opposed to using cues provided by others. This suggests that personal relevance and the act of creation play significant roles in memory effectiveness.

Question 9

The memory mechanism Hebb proposed is associated with

Accepted Answer

Hebb proposed that memory mechanisms involve changes at the synapse and long-term potentiation, which refers to the long-lasting strengthening of connections between neurons that occurs when they are stimulated simultaneously. These changes occur in specialized areas of the brain, such as the hippocampus, which plays a key role in the formation and retrieval of memories.

Question 10

Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories,even ones from a long time ago,can be stimulated by locations,songs,and smells highlight the importance ofin LTM.

Accepted Answer

Retrieval cues are environmental triggers that can stimulate the recollection of memories from long-term storage. The examples in the book of memories being triggered by locations, songs, and smells are all examples of retrieval cues. This demonstrates the importance of retrieval cues in retrieving memories from long-term storage. Long-term potentiation refers to the strengthening of connections between neurons that occurs when memories are formed and consolidated, while elaborative rehearsal refers to the process of actively and consciously relating new information to previously stored knowledge. Mass practice refers to the repetition of material in order to facilitate learning and retention, but does not address the role of retrieval cues in long-term memory retrieval.

Question 11

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget what they went to retrieve when they reach their destination.As soon as they return to the first room,they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place.This common experience best illustrates the principle of

Accepted Answer

This experience best illustrates the principle of encoding specificity, which states that the ability to retrieve information from memory is improved when the conditions at retrieval match the conditions during encoding. Walking to a different location and then forgetting why you went there is an example of a mismatch between encoding and retrieval conditions, leading to poor retrieval of the intended information. Returning to the original location can serve as a retrieval cue to help remember the intended goal.

Question 12

Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g. ,the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit)reflect

Accepted Answer

Brief episodes of retrograde amnesia are typically caused by a disruption in the process of memory consolidation, which is necessary for transferring newly acquired information from short-term to long-term memory. This disruption can occur due to physical trauma, such as a blow to the head, or other factors that interfere with the brain's normal functioning. As a result, individuals may be unable to recall events that occurred immediately prior to the traumatic event. Disrupted long-term potentiation and Korsakoff's syndrome are not typically associated with brief episodes of retrograde amnesia, and while post-traumatic stress disorder may occur following a traumatic event, it does not necessarily manifest as temporary amnesia.

Question 13

Some suggest that students should study in a variety of places.This suggestion is based on research showing that people remember material better if they learned it in a number of different locations,compared to studying the same amount of time in one location.The suggestion solves a problem raised by

Accepted Answer

The encoding specificity principle suggests that memory is better when the context during encoding and retrieval match. Studying in a variety of places provides more varied contexts, which can aid in memory retrieval.

Question 14

Donald Hebb proposed that memory is represented in the brain by structural changes in all of the following EXCEPT the

Accepted Answer

Donald Hebb proposed that structural changes in presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons and synapses are involved in memory formation. However, neurotransmitters themselves do not undergo structural changes, so choice C is the correct answer.

Question 15

The story in the text about the balloons that were used to suspend a speaker in mid air was used to illustrate the role ofin memory.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The story in the text about the...

Question 16

You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam.You love the idea of becoming a nurse,and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam.Each night,you put on relaxing clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home.Memory research suggests you should take your test with a mind set.

Accepted Answer

Memory research suggests that individuals perform better on exams when they are in a relaxed state of mind. By continuing the same routine of studying in a relaxed environment, it is likely that the individual will be able to recall the information more effectively while taking the exam.

Question 17

According to levels of processing theory,deep processing results in better memory.However,studies have shown that shallow processing can result in better memory when the individual encodesand is tested.

Accepted Answer

Shallow processing, such as auditory processing, can lead to better memory if both encoding and testing are done auditorially, as it matches the processing style.

Question 18

Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation,which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories,includes the idea of

Accepted Answer

Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation involves the concept that repeated stimulation of a neuron leads to an increased likelihood of firing in that neuron, not necessarily changes in physical structure like increased cell body size, larger electrical impulses, or the growth of new dendrites.

Question 19

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if

Accepted Answer

Transfer-appropriate processing occurs when the type of processing used during encoding matches the type of processing used during retrieval. This means that the type of encoding task should match the type of retrieval task. For example, if someone was asked to remember a list of words by their sound, they are more likely to remember the words if they are asked to recall them using their sound rather than their visual appearance. So, option B is the best choice.

Question 20

Graded amnesia occurs because

Accepted Answer

The answer of Graded amnesia occurs because
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Quiz 7: Long-term Memory: Encoding, Retrieval, and Consolidation.