Question 1

Most juvenile aftercare programs involve parole.

Accepted Answer

Most juvenile aftercare programs indeed involve a form of parole, where juveniles are released from a facility under specific conditions that they must follow as part of their reintegration into the community.

Question 2

Parens patriae is the notion that parents have a legal duty to act in the best interests of their children until they reach the age of 21.

Accepted Answer

Parens patriae is a legal doctrine that gives the state the authority to act as guardian for those who are unable to care for themselves, such as minors or those with mental disabilities, rather than specifically imposing a duty on parents to act in their children's best interests until they reach the age of 21.

Question 3

Incarceration in a public facility is the most common formal sentence for juvenile offenders.

Accepted Answer

Probation is the most common formal sentence for juvenile offenders, not incarceration in a public facility. Probation allows juveniles to remain in their communities under supervision, aiming for rehabilitation rather than confinement.

Question 4

There are often three judicial hearings in the juvenile court process.

Accepted Answer

The juvenile court process typically involves three main types of hearings: detention hearings, adjudication hearings, and disposition hearings, each serving a distinct purpose in the process.

Question 5

Early reform schools sought to teach juvenile offenders important educational programs to lead to future success.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Early reform schools sought to teach juvenile...

Question 6

In the 1960s and 1970s, the US Supreme Court radically altered the juvenile justice system when it issued a series of decisions that established the right of juveniles to due process of law.

Accepted Answer

These decisions, including In re Gault (1967), ensured that juveniles were afforded many of the same due process rights as adults, such as the right to legal counsel, the right to confront and cross-examine witnesses, and the right against self-incrimination, significantly altering the juvenile justice system.

Question 7

Federal courts have ruled that juveniles have a constitutional right to bail.

Accepted Answer

The U.S. Supreme Court has not recognized a constitutional right to bail for juveniles. The bail system for adults, based on the Eighth Amendment's prohibition against excessive bail, does not directly apply to juvenile proceedings. Juvenile courts focus more on the welfare and rehabilitation of the youth rather than punishment, and decisions about detention or release are typically based on considerations of the juvenile's safety and the safety of the community, rather than on a constitutional right to bail.

Question 8

Juveniles do not have the right to an attorney at a hearing to decide whether the case should be transferred to juvenile court.

Accepted Answer

Juveniles have the right to an attorney at hearings, including those to decide whether their case should be transferred to juvenile court, as part of their due process rights.

Question 9

The child savers movement was made up of middle-class civic leaders who developed organizations and groups for poor children.

Accepted Answer

The child savers movement, which emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, was indeed made up of middle-class civic leaders. These reformers were concerned about the welfare of poor, neglected, and delinquent children, and they established various organizations and institutions, such as juvenile courts and reformatories, aimed at protecting and rehabilitating these youths.

Question 10

Charles Loring Brace was the philanthropist who developed the Children's Aid Society.

Accepted Answer

Charles Loring Brace founded the Children's Aid Society in 1853 to help homeless, orphaned, and impoverished children in New York City by providing them with homes, education, and employment opportunities.

Question 11

Under the reverse waiver system, a judge can overrule a mandated waiver and decide that a youth shall be tried in juvenile court.

Accepted Answer

Under the reverse waiver system, a judge has the authority to overrule a mandated waiver, allowing for the possibility that a youth initially directed to adult court can be sent back to be tried in juvenile court, based on various considerations such as the youth's age, the nature of the offense, and the youth's potential for rehabilitation.

Question 12

The level of evidence for a finding of "juvenile delinquency" is proof beyond a reasonable doubt.

Accepted Answer

In juvenile delinquency cases, the standard of proof is "beyond a reasonable doubt," similar to adult criminal cases, to ensure fairness and protect the rights of the accused juvenile.

Question 13

The decision to waive a juvenile to adult criminal court is mostly based on the prosecutor's and the state's desire for deterrence and punishment.

Accepted Answer

The decision to waive a juvenile to adult criminal court is mostly based on the juvenile's age, offense history, and the seriousness of the current offense.

Question 14

Due to federal mandate, no juveniles are housed in adult jails.

Accepted Answer

While there are federal guidelines and efforts to reduce the housing of juveniles in adult jails, juveniles can still be housed in adult facilities under certain conditions, such as being tried and convicted as adults for serious offenses.

Question 15

The efforts of the child savers influenced legislation that created the juvenile justice system.

Accepted Answer

The child savers, a group of reformers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, were instrumental in advocating for the establishment of a separate juvenile justice system to address the needs and rehabilitation of young offenders, leading to the creation of the first juvenile court in 1899 in Cook County, Illinois.

Question 16

Acts such as truancy and running away from home are considered status offenses.

Accepted Answer

Status offenses are actions that are considered violations of the law only because of the youth's status as a minor, such as truancy and running away from home.

Question 17

An excluded offense waiver is where state laws exclude from juvenile court jurisdiction certain offenses that are either very minor or very serious.

Accepted Answer

An excluded offense waiver refers to state laws that exclude certain offenses from juvenile court jurisdiction, typically very minor or very serious offenses, directing them to adult court instead.

Question 18

Juveniles do not have the protection of the Miranda decision: they do not have the right to remain silent during police interrogation.

Accepted Answer

Juveniles do have the protection of the Miranda decision, including the right to remain silent during police interrogation. This was established to ensure that minors are also protected against self-incrimination and are aware of their rights.

Question 19

Juveniles do not enjoy the same protection against double jeopardy as do adults.

Accepted Answer

Juveniles, like adults, are protected against double jeopardy, meaning they cannot be tried twice for the same offense once acquitted or convicted, as guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution.

Question 20

Most incarcerated juvenile offenders are held for status offenses.

Accepted Answer

Most incarcerated juvenile offenders are held for more serious offenses than status offenses, which are actions that are only considered offenses due to the individual's status as a minor (e.g., truancy, running away from home).

Quiz 13: Juvenile Justice in the Twenty First Century