Question 1

The _____ technique is most effective for transcriptomics studies in non-model organisms because _____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The _____ technique is most effective for...

Question 2

Gene duplication can result from _____.

Accepted Answer

Gene duplication can result from unequal crossing-over during meiosis, where homologous chromosomes misalign and exchange unequal amounts of genetic material, leading to one chromosome with duplicated genes and another with deleted genes.

Question 3

How might a researcher best determine the location of a protein in a cell?

Accepted Answer

Attaching a fluorescent tag to a protein allows researchers to directly visualize the protein's location within a cell using fluorescence microscopy. This method is widely used in cell biology to study protein localization.

Question 4

DNA microarrays that reveal differential expression patterns are used to study the _____.

Accepted Answer

DNA microarrays are used to study the transcriptome because they measure the expression levels of mRNA, revealing differential expression patterns of genes under various conditions.

Question 5

Which event can introduce a protein domain into a pre-existing protein?

Accepted Answer

Exon shuffling is a molecular mechanism by which new proteins can evolve. It involves the recombination of exons, which are the coding sequences in genes, leading to the creation of new proteins with novel combinations of functional domains. This process can introduce a new protein domain into a pre-existing protein, thereby potentially altering its function or adding new capabilities.

Question 6

To experimentally determine the function of an annotated gene, a researcher may _____.

Accepted Answer

Performing a gene knockout allows researchers to observe the effects of the absence of the gene, providing insights into its function.

Question 7

Unequal crossing over _____.

Accepted Answer

Unequal crossing over occurs between different points on homologous chromosomes, leading to deletions or duplications of genetic material, rather than a single point mutation, alternative splicing, or crossing over between heterologous chromosomes. It is a recombination event that typically occurs during meiosis, not mitosis.

Question 8

When copies of a gene are found at different locations on the same or different chromosomes, the phenomenon is called _____.

Accepted Answer

Dispersed duplication refers to the presence of copies of a gene at different locations on the same or different chromosomes. This can occur through various mechanisms, such as unequal crossing over or transposable elements moving segments of DNA.

Question 9

The proteome represents _____, while the cellular proteome represents _____.

Accepted Answer

The proteome represents all of the proteins able to be expressed by an organism's genome, while the cellular proteome represents the subset of proteins found in a particular cell type.

Question 10

Researcher A studies the protein interactions involving the polypeptides that comprise hemoglobin, while Researcher B studies protein interactions between a protein kinase and its target protein. Researcher A will therefore focus on ____, and researcher B will focus on ____.

Accepted Answer

Researcher A, studying the interactions within hemoglobin (a stable, multi-subunit protein), focuses on permanent protein interactions. Researcher B, examining the interactions between a kinase and its target (often a reversible, regulatory interaction), deals with transient protein interactions.

Question 11

In humans, there are three genes encoding different nitric oxide synthase enzymes. These three genes form a ____.

Accepted Answer

The three genes encoding different nitric oxide synthase enzymes in humans are an example of a multigene family. A multigene family consists of several similar or identical genes, evolved by duplication and variation, that often encode proteins with similar functions.

Question 12

Proteomics _____.

Accepted Answer

Proteomics is the large-scale study of proteomes, which are the entire set of proteins produced or modified by an organism or system. This field focuses on understanding the structure, function, and interactions of cellular proteins, rather than analyzing DNA, plasmids, mRNA levels, or using DNA chips.

Question 13

During a microarray analysis, cDNAs made from normal cells are stained with a green fluor and cDNAs from abnormal cells are stained with a red fluor. Which of the following statements is true about the results of this experiment?

Accepted Answer

Red spots on a microarray indicate genes that are over-expressed in abnormal cells compared to normal cells, as the red fluor is used to stain cDNAs from abnormal cells.

Question 14

What has been learned from comparative genomics studies?

Accepted Answer

Comparative genomics studies have shown that some genes are highly conserved across different species, indicating their fundamental role in basic biological processes. These genes are present in the genomes of almost all present-day organisms, highlighting their importance in life's evolutionary history.

Question 15

Which gene would most likely be found in the genomes of all present-day organisms?

Accepted Answer

Amino-acyl tRNA synthetase genes are essential for protein synthesis, a fundamental process in all living organisms, making them likely to be found in all present-day organisms' genomes.

Question 16

Multigene families arise from _____.

Accepted Answer

Multigene families arise from repeated cycles of gene duplication followed by mutation, which allows for the diversification of gene functions while retaining the original gene's function.

Question 17

The goal(s) of proteomics include(s) the determination of protein_____.

Accepted Answer

The goal of proteomics is comprehensive, aiming to determine the structure, function, location, and interactions of proteins within biological systems. This holistic approach allows for a deeper understanding of cellular processes and the roles of proteins in health and disease.

Question 18

Protein structure can be predicted nonexperimentally by ____, but not as reliably as by experimental methods.

Accepted Answer

Protein structure prediction using computer algorithms is a nonexperimental method that relies on the principles of amino acid chemical attractions and interactions to predict how a protein will fold. Unlike experimental methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and X-ray crystallography, which provide direct physical measurements of protein structures, computational predictions are less reliable due to the complexity of protein folding and the limitations of current algorithms.

Question 19

Genes that are closely related evolutionarily, have the same function, and are present in the genomes of two or more different organisms are called _____.

Accepted Answer

Orthologs are genes in different species that evolved from a common ancestral gene by speciation and retain the same function in the course of evolution.

Question 20

A portion of a microarray is shown above in which the expression of genes on human chromosome 21 was examined in normal brain cells (cDNAs labeled with a white fluor) or brain cells from an individual with a neurological disorder (cDNAs labeled with a black fluor).
Which genes are over-expressed in the abnormal cells compared to the normal cells?

Accepted Answer

The answer of 
A portion of a microarray is shown...

Quiz 19: Genomes and Proteomes

The _ technique is most effective for transcriptomics studies in non-model organisms because _.