Question 1

Austin Powers travels from California to New York, chasing Dr. Evil across the country. Austin then experiences fatigue, irritability, inattention, and sleeping problems due to the disruption of his __________, which caused __________.

Accepted Answer

Austin Powers is experiencing symptoms of jet lag, which is caused by the disruption of circadian rhythms due to traveling across time zones.

Question 2

The sense of being aware that one is experiencing a dream while that dream is actually occurring is called ________ dreaming.

Accepted Answer

Lucid dreaming is the term used to describe the experience of being aware that one is dreaming while the dream is happening.

Question 3

Jonathan has a terrible dream in which he's being strangled by the tentacles of an octopus. When he wakes up, Jonathan remembers the frightening dream very well and immediately writes about it in his sleep journal. Jonathan appears to be experiencing

Accepted Answer

Jonathan is likely experiencing a nightmare, as he woke up from a frightening dream and immediately wrote about it in his sleep journal. Sleep apnea involves interruptions in breathing during sleep, REM behavior disorder involves physically acting out dreams, and sleep terror disorder involves sudden awakening and intense fear or agitation.

Question 4

Marius is visiting New York City from his quiet, country town in Iowa. He is unaccustomed to the sounds of the city, and wakes up frequently to the sounds of sirens and various city noises. As a result, he doesn't get a good night of sleep. He goes home the next day. He is likely to

Accepted Answer

Marius is likely to experience more REM sleep the following night due to REM rebound, which occurs when someone is deprived of REM sleep and the body compensates by increasing REM sleep in subsequent nights.

Question 5

Briana has just agreed to take a job that will have her work overnight three days a week and day shifts two days a week. She should expect rather significant disruptions in her ________ rhythms that may lead to sleep disruptions over time.

Accepted Answer

Circadian rhythms are the natural, internal processes that regulate the sleep-wake cycle and repeat roughly every 24 hours. Working overnight shifts disrupts these rhythms, potentially leading to sleep issues.

Question 6

REM sleep is beneficial because the locus coeruleus is __________ during that sleep stage, and this improves the functioning of neurons that use __________ in the brain.

Accepted Answer

During REM sleep, the locus coeruleus is inactive, which allows for the replenishment and proper functioning of neurons that use norepinephrine in the brain.

Question 7

REM behavior disorder has been found to be predictive of which condition that emerges later in life?

Accepted Answer

REM behavior disorder is often considered a precursor to neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Parkinson's disease.

Question 8

Sometimes Eli has difficulty falling asleep. His parents make sure he goes to bed at around the same time each night, but two or three nights a week he'll come out after an hour and report that he just can't sleep. Eli's parents consult with his pediatrician, and are advised to give him a supplement of ________ on the nights when he has trouble sleeping.

Accepted Answer

Melatonin is a hormone that helps regulate sleep-wake cycles and is commonly used as a supplement to aid sleep, especially in cases of insomnia or difficulty falling asleep.

Question 9

People who experience posttraumatic stress disorder are at high risk of experiencing __________, which occur(s)during REM sleep and may be treatable with imagery therapy.

Accepted Answer

Nightmares are distressing dreams that occur during REM sleep and are common in individuals with PTSD. Imagery therapy is a treatment that can help reduce the frequency and intensity of nightmares.

Question 10

Bart awoke screaming, shaking, and sweating, and his heart was beating rapidly. Homer and Marge, being good parents, had Bart hooked up to an electroencephalograph. Checking Bart's EEG, they noted that Bart was in stage N3 sleep just before he awoke. From this information, they felt confident in saying that Bart had just experienced

Accepted Answer

Stage N3 sleep is associated with deep sleep, and sleep terrors typically occur during this stage, unlike nightmares which occur during REM sleep.

Question 11

Darnell is having a dream in which he is being chased by large animated marshmallows, who are waving large knives at him. Darnell is aware that the scene is not real, and that he is in the middle of a dream. "I've got to wake myself up because I don't like this at all," Darnell tells himself while he is in the middle of this dream. Darnell is experiencing

Accepted Answer

Darnell is experiencing lucid dreaming, where the dreamer is aware they are dreaming and can sometimes control the dream.

Question 12

Marsha lets out blood-curdling screams in the middle of the night, sits up in bed, and is seemingly inconsolable by her parents. They attempt to talk her into relaxing, but it soon becomes clear that she is not actually awake. In the morning, she doesn't remember having behaved this way. Marsha is most likely suffering from ________, which is especially common in children.

Accepted Answer

Sleep terror disorder, also known as night terrors, involves episodes of screaming, intense fear, and flailing while still asleep, and is common in children. Unlike nightmares, the person is not fully awake and typically does not remember the episode.

Question 13

Which of the following statements about sleep deprivation is false ?

Accepted Answer

There is no scientific evidence to support the claim that going without sleep for one week causes permanent brain damage. While severe sleep deprivation can have serious short-term effects, permanent brain damage is not a documented consequence.

Question 14

Ozlem is flying from Chicago to Paris and she will be coming back after a week. Her symptoms of jet lag will

Accepted Answer

Jet lag is generally worse when traveling eastward, like from Chicago to Paris, because it's harder for the body to adjust to a shorter day than to a longer one, as would be experienced when traveling westward back to Chicago.

Question 15

If muscles are in a state of near-paralysis during REM sleep, then how is sleepwalking possible?

Accepted Answer

Sleepwalking typically occurs during NREM sleep, not REM sleep, which is why the muscles are not in a state of paralysis.

Question 16

During the school year, Jim spent a lot of time learning new things, but during the summer, he had a monotonous job and didn't engage in any mentally stimulating activity. His sleeping habits were the same all year, but based on research done with rats, Jim is likely to spend __________ time in REM sleep during the __________.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that engaging in mentally stimulating activities increases the need for REM sleep, which is associated with learning and memory. Therefore, Jim is likely to spend more time in REM sleep during the school year when he is learning new things.

Question 17

Which of the following is not a theory of why we sleep?

Accepted Answer

Sleep theories generally focus on physiological and cognitive benefits, not on providing time alone away from social interaction.

Question 18

Fred, Barney, George, and Bart are ten years old, and each suffers from a different sleep disorder. Fred occasionally shifts suddenly during the day from a normal waking state into several minutes of sleep, during which time he has very little muscle tone and is effectively immobile. Barney walks in his sleep (but does nothing else), while George sometimes moves to act out his dreams. Bart has nightmares (not sleep terror disorder). Who is least likely to be in the REM stage of sleep when he exhibits his symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Barney is least likely to be in the REM stage of sleep when he exhibits his symptoms because sleepwalking typically occurs during non-REM sleep, particularly in the deep stages of NREM sleep.

Question 19

When people are deprived of __________ sleep, they compensate for the loss directly and show a rebound effect to recover from the loss.

Accepted Answer

REM sleep is crucial for cognitive functions and emotional regulation. When deprived of REM sleep, individuals often experience a rebound effect, where they enter REM sleep more quickly and spend more time in it during subsequent sleep sessions to compensate for the loss.

Question 20

Homer is awakened suddenly because Marge, his wife, is choking him! Marge explains that she was dreaming about defending herself from the Princess of Bad Taste: Scary Spice. Homer is not mad; rather, he is concerned that Marge may be suffering from

Accepted Answer

REM behavior disorder involves acting out dreams, which aligns with Marge's actions of choking Homer while dreaming.

Quiz 4: Consciousness

Austin Powers travels from California to New York, chasing Dr. Evil across the country. Austin then experiences fatigue, irritability, inattention, and sleeping problems due to the disruption of his , which caused .