Ludwig Spilled His Cup of Juice onto the Floor Three

Ludwig spilled his cup of juice onto the floor three times, which upset him because he loves his juice. His mother became upset and did not allow him to have juice for a week. As a result, the next time Ludwig's mom gave him a glass of juice, he was very careful not to spill it. Ludwig learned through

A) positive reinforcement.
B) punishment.
C) negative reinforcement.
D) penalty.