Question 1

Belinda suffers from bipolar disorder: sometimes she can be very happy and almost deliriously excited, while at other times she becomes extremely depressed. When she is in her excited state, she is introduced to several people whom she has never met before. She doesn't encounter them again for a few weeks, but when she does she is feeling depressed. Which of the following is true?

Accepted Answer

Belinda is less likely to remember their names when she is depressed due to state-dependent memory, which suggests that information learned in one emotional state is more easily recalled when in the same state.

Question 2

The semantic memory network theory says that

Accepted Answer

The semantic memory network theory proposes that concepts are represented by neural networks within the brain, which are created through experience and connect related concepts.

Question 3

Frank was a member of the Sigma Alpha Mu fraternity when he graduated from college in 1995. Twenty years later, he is telling his wife about his fraternity days, but he cannot remember one of his brothers' name. "I can see his face in my mind, but I just can't remember his name," Frank says. He is experiencing the ________.

Accepted Answer

Frank is experiencing the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon, where he can recall certain details about a person but cannot retrieve their name.

Question 4

Roberto decided to study for his psychology midterm in the room where the test was to be given. He was counting on __________ to help him get a better grade.

Accepted Answer

Roberto was relying on context-specific memory, which suggests that being in the same environment where learning took place can enhance recall during a test.

Question 5

The effectiveness of retrieval cues depends on the extent to which they

Accepted Answer

Retrieval cues are most effective when they are closely related to the information that was encoded during the original learning process, as this helps in accessing the stored memory.

Question 6

Al is on the witness stand. He is asked if he can remember the name of the person who told him to place the bet. Al replies that he thinks the last name of the person starts with C . Al gets visibly frustrated and says, "I know this but I can't think of it right now." Al's response is an example of

Accepted Answer

Al's response is an example of the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon, where a person is unable to fully retrieve a word or name from memory but has a strong feeling that they know it.

Question 7

Alexander learned the names of all fifty states of the United States while he was in a very happy mood. Later, while he was in a sad mood, he could remember only twenty of the states. However, when Alexander was again happy, he could remember all fifty states. The principle that best explains this memory effect is

Accepted Answer

Mood congruency is the principle that states that memories are more easily recalled when the mood of the individual at the time of recall is the same as the mood of the individual at the time of encoding. In this case, Alexander was able to remember all fifty states when he was happy, but only twenty of the states when he was sad. This is because the happy mood at the time of recall was congruent with the happy mood at the time of encoding.

Question 8

Missa, your psychology instructor, places a basketball net upon her head. She says, "See how when I pull this part of the net, all of the links in the net closest to this point are being pulled farther along. And this part of the net isn't even moving." Missa's demonstration highlights how __________ works within a __________.

Accepted Answer

Missa's demonstration is related to the spreading activation model, which proposes that activation spreads through the network along the connections between related concepts. The basketball net on her head visually represents the interconnectedness of concepts in the semantic network. The demonstration does not relate to the encoding specificity principle, which is concerned with the match between the context of encoding and the context of retrieval. Therefore options C and D can be eliminated. Although the multiple memory system model proposes that different types of memory are processed and stored in different brain regions, it is not relevant to the demonstration given by Missa, eliminating option A.

Question 9

Josie is extremely unhappy while she studies for her midterm. When she actually goes to take it, however, she is in a very positive mood. Josie seems to have trouble recalling much of what she so diligently studied. This can be explained by

Accepted Answer

State-dependent memory suggests that memory retrieval is more successful when a person's internal state during encoding matches their internal state during retrieval. In this case, Josie was in a negative state while studying but in a positive state when taking the exam, leading to difficulty in recalling the information studied.

Question 10

Marco was presented with a long list of words. He was then asked to try to remember as many as he could. If he remembers the last word, he experienced a __________ effect, which supports the existence of __________ memory.

Accepted Answer

The recency effect refers to the tendency to remember the last items in a list, which is associated with short-term memory as these items are still fresh in the mind.

Question 11

Which of the following is the best example of spreading activation at work?

Accepted Answer

Spreading activation is a cognitive process where activating one concept in memory triggers related concepts. Thinking about cars leading to thoughts about trucks and SUVs is an example of this process.

Question 12

Doumitra is telling Carrie about a movie she saw last month. She knows that Jake and Maggie Gyllenhaal both star in the movie and that it involves a scary bunny rabbit, but she cannot come up with the title of the movie. According to the textbook, such difficulty in retrieving information is known as

Accepted Answer

The difficulty in retrieving specific information despite knowing some details about it, as described in the scenario, is referred to as incomplete knowledge. This term accurately captures the situation where Doumitra knows certain aspects of the movie (actors and a plot detail) but cannot recall its title.

Question 13

While studying diligently for his midterm, Raoul consumes massive quantities of sugar by drinking Rush cola and eating Grandma's cookies. The day of the midterm examination, Raoul is careful to eat nutritious, low-sugar foods and drink lots of milk and water. During the exam, Raoul has trouble recalling what he had studied. This can best be explained by

Accepted Answer

State-dependent memory suggests that recall is improved when an individual's internal state at the time of encoding matches their internal state at the time of retrieval. Raoul's change in diet and sugar intake altered his internal state, affecting his ability to recall information.

Question 14

During a trivia game, Blair is asked a question. The answer is on the tip of his tongue, but he can't come up with it. Which of the following memory processes failed him?

Accepted Answer

Blair's inability to recall the information despite feeling that he knows it suggests a failure in the retrieval process, where stored information cannot be accessed.

Question 15

Greg tries to convince his instructor to give the midterm exam in the same room where the class is held because he read that it would improve his chances of getting a higher score. Greg must have known about

Accepted Answer

Context-specific memory refers to the phenomenon where people are more likely to remember information when they are in the same environment where they initially learned it. Greg believes taking the exam in the same room will help him recall the material better.

Question 16

According to the encoding specificity principle, which of the following would be the best retrieval cue for the sentence, "The dog ate the bone"?

Accepted Answer

The encoding specificity principle suggests that the best retrieval cues are those that were present during the encoding of the memory. "Hungry animal" is closely related to the content of the sentence "The dog ate the bone," making it a more effective cue.

Question 17

Dr. Miron teaches his Latin 101 students in the Arts and Humanities Building, room 207. He then gives them their final exam in the Science Hall, room 308. His students do rather poorly, possibly because Dr. Miron has not considered the effects of

Accepted Answer

Context-specific memory refers to the improved recall of information when the context present at encoding and retrieval are the same. Dr. Miron's students may have performed poorly because the exam was given in a different location from where they learned the material, affecting their ability to recall information.

Question 18

The ________ effect is likely facilitated by the fact that items presented early in a list of data have time to be rehearsed so that they are effectively transferred to long-term memory.

Accepted Answer

The primacy effect refers to the tendency to remember items at the beginning of a list better than those in the middle or end, as they have more opportunity to be rehearsed and transferred to long-term memory.

Question 19

Rachael asks Steve, "Do you remember my name?" When Steve says that he does not remember, Rachael says, "I'll give you a hint-it starts with an R ." Rachael is providing Steve with a __________ to help him remember.

Accepted Answer

Rachael is providing Steve with a retrieval cue, a prompt or hint that can help him access memories or information. In this case, the retrieval cue is the fact that Rachael's name starts with the letter R.

Question 20

Whenever House and Wilson argue, they bring up past issues. When they are getting along well, they have a hard time remembering what they argued about. This difference in their ability to effectively retrieve memories is an example of the ________ effect.

Accepted Answer

Mood congruency effect refers to the tendency to recall information that is consistent with one's current mood. When House and Wilson argue, they are more likely to remember past issues because their mood is congruent with those memories.

Quiz 6: Memory