Question 1

Each year, Stacy's doctor tracks how much weight she has gained in her medical chart.Stacy displays small yearly increases in weight, which illustrates:

Accepted Answer

Stacy's small yearly increases in weight represent a quantitative change, which refers to a change in amount or quantity. This type of change involves numerical differences that can be measured, such as changes in height, weight, or temperature.

Question 2

All of the following are main dimensions used to describe theories of cognitive development EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A

Question 3

________ refers to modification of cognitive structures to fit what the child has learned about the environment.

Accepted Answer

Accommodation refers to the process of modifying or adapting existing cognitive structures to better fit new information or experiences. This process involves changing one's existing schema or mental framework to accommodate new information that does not fit into existing structures. This allows for greater understanding and adaptation to a changing environment. Assimilation, on the other hand, involves incorporating new information into existing cognitive structures, without modifying them to fit the new information. Compensation refers to the use of alternative strategies or resources to overcome a deficit or limitation. Reversibility is a concept in Piaget's theory of cognitive development that describes the understanding that certain changes can be reversed.

Question 4

Piaget's three mountains task shows that ________ influences young children's understanding of spatial relations.

Accepted Answer

Piaget's three mountains task was designed to examine children's ability to understand spatial relations from different perspectives. However, young children often struggle with this task due to egocentrism, the tendency to view the world solely from one's own perspective. They may have difficulty understanding that other people may see things differently from them.

Question 5

John, an elementary school student, is taking a test.One of the questions states that Gary has more money than Gordon, and Gordon has more money than Geoff.John must determine if Gary has more money than Geoff.This question is tapping:

Accepted Answer

This question is testing John's ability to use transitive reasoning to determine the relationship between the amounts of money held by Gary and Geoff, based on the given information about their relative amounts compared to Gordon.

Question 6

What logical operator is necessary to successfully reason about class-inclusion relations?

Accepted Answer

Equivalences are necessary for reasoning about class-inclusion relations because they allow for understanding that two different categories can share common elements, which is essential for classifying and understanding hierarchical relationships.

Question 7

Madison comes to understand the principles of cause and effect and applies these to many areas of life from physics to social interactions.This illustrates:

Accepted Answer

Madison's ability to apply the principles of cause and effect across various areas, from physics to social interactions, illustrates domain-general development. This concept refers to cognitive skills or abilities that are not specific to a particular area of knowledge but can be applied broadly across different domains.

Question 8

All the following are examples of basic-level categories EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Basic-level categories are those that are most naturally and commonly used in everyday language. They are more specific than superordinate categories (like "animals") but more general than subordinate categories (like "poodles" under the category of "dogs"). "Animals" is a superordinate category, making it the exception among the options, which are all examples of basic-level categories.

Question 9

Which of the following statements is true about cognitive developmental theories?

Accepted Answer

Both Piaget and Vygotsky proposed broad, sweeping changes in children's modes of thought. While Piaget emphasized the importance of children constructing their own understanding of the world through their experiences, Vygotsky focused on the role of social interaction and cultural context in shaping cognitive development. Despite their differences, both theorists believed that cognitive development involves qualitative changes in thinking processes.

Question 10

Piaget's theory posits that children progress through four stages of development characterized by different ways of thinking and understanding the world.This progression illustrates:

Accepted Answer

Piaget's theory emphasizes qualitative change, meaning that the way children think and understand the world fundamentally and qualitatively shifts as they progress through each stage. It is not simply a matter of accumulating more knowledge or experience, but a restructuring of their cognitive processes.

Question 11

________ are patterns of understanding and interacting with the world.

Accepted Answer

Schemes are patterns of understanding and interacting with the world, which are developed through experiences and adapted over time. Cognitive maps involve spatial relationships and mapping out a physical environment. Constructs are mental frameworks for organizing information and experiences. Sensorimotor reflexes are automatic responses to stimuli, primarily seen in infants.

Question 12

Skinner believed that parents respond more positively to babble that resembles adult speech sounds and more negatively to those that do not, guiding and shaping the child's speech to become more like a mature speaker's.This belief points to the importance of ________ constraints.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Skinner believed that parents respond more positively...

Question 13

At which level are all category members both maximally similar to each other and maximally distinct from members of other categories?

Accepted Answer

At the basic level, category members are maximally similar to each other and maximally distinct from members of other categories. This level is in the middle of the hierarchy and strikes a balance between including enough specific information while still being general enough to group similar items.

Question 14

Toys are an example of what type of category?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Toys are an example of what type...

Question 15

Which best describes Piaget's view of development?

Accepted Answer

Piaget believed that there are qualitative, domain-general changes in children's thinking. He proposed that children go through four stages of cognitive development, each marked by a qualitatively different way of thinking about the world. These stages are universal across cultures and domains of knowledge.

Question 16

A researcher presents a child with two identical glasses of water.She then pours one of the glasses into a tall glass beaker and asks the child if the amount of water has changed.This illustrates a(n) ________ task.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of a conservation task, which assesses whether a child understands that certain properties of an object or substance remain constant even when their appearance is altered. In this case, the amount of water remains the same even though it has been poured into a different container.

Question 17

Jiang learns to recognize Chinese characters through repeated exposure.This illustrates:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Jiang learns to recognize Chinese characters through...

Question 18

Which of the following best describes Piaget's theory?

Accepted Answer

Piaget's theory argues that infants are born with innate sensorimotor reflexes that are modified and transformed into more sophisticated schemes with experience. Therefore, option B best describes Piaget's theory. Option A is incorrect as Piaget emphasized the role of experience in cognitive development. Option C is also incorrect as Piaget believed that children actively construct their knowledge, but this construction is based on their innate sensorimotor reflexes. Option D is incorrect as the zone of proximal development is a concept introduced by Vygotsky and not Piaget.

Question 19

Which of the following statements about foundational and emergent constraints is true?

Accepted Answer

Foundational constraints are inherent to an organism's morphology and physiology, and arise from genetic factors. Emergent constraints arise from the interaction between an organism's morphology and its environment, and are influenced by environmental factors.

Question 20

A researcher believes that as young children start to understand how solid objects collide with one another and cause movement, this understanding is largely guided by intuitions about physical mechanics that are present in infancy.This illustrates ________ constraints.

Accepted Answer

Foundational constraints refer to basic or fundamental constraints that underlie cognitive abilities, such as the understanding of physical mechanics that is present in infancy and guides young children's understanding of collisions and movement. Emergent constraints refer to constraints that emerge in response to specific experiences or contexts, while global and local constraints refer to constraints that affect broader or more specific cognitive processes, respectively. None of these other options seem to fit the scenario described in the question.

Quiz 9: The Growth of Knowledge