Question 1

Which of the following individuals is generally recognized for initiating the development of behaviorism?

Accepted Answer

John B. Watson is generally recognized for initiating the development of behaviorism with his paper titled "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It" published in 1913.

Question 2

_____refers to a form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their own consequences.

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which behaviors are shaped and maintained by the consequences they produce. This involves the voluntary response of an individual being reinforced or punished, resulting in that response becoming more or less likely to occur in the future. Classical conditioning involves involuntary responses being associated with stimuli in the environment, while social learning involves learning through observation and imitation of others. Extinction refers to the process of diminishing a previously learned response by removing the reinforcement that had previously followed it.

Question 3

The psychodynamic perspective has been decried by opponents as__________

Accepted Answer

The answer of The psychodynamic perspective has been decried by...

Question 4

The difference between negative reinforcement and punishment is that they have opposite outcomes.

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcement is intended to increase a behavior by removing an aversive stimulus when that behavior is exhibited. Punishment is intended to decrease a behavior by adding an aversive stimulus when that behavior is exhibited. Therefore, they have opposite outcomes.

Question 5

Attempting to weaken a response by presenting a noxious or aversive stimulus after that response is called

Accepted Answer

Punishment involves presenting a negative consequence in response to a behavior in order to weaken that behavior. In this scenario, the noxious or aversive stimulus is presented after the response, which is an example of positive punishment.

Question 6

Which one of the following types of learned behavior is most likely to be governed by classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. It is fundamental in the development of anxieties, phobias, and maladaptive emotional reactions, as these responses are often learned through the association of a neutral stimulus with a fear-inducing event.

Question 7

Which of the following theoretical orientations asserts that scientific psychology should focus on the study of observable behavior?

Accepted Answer

Behaviorism asserts that scientific psychology should focus on the study of observable behavior, rather than on consciousness, thoughts, or feelings. Behaviorists believe that behavior can be explained by conditioning, reinforcement, and punishment, and that it is possible to modify behavior through these processes.

Question 8

John is always putting himself down and expressing doubts in his own abilities. According to Adler, John may have a(n)

Accepted Answer

Adler believed that feelings of inferiority were a driving force behind human behavior and that an inferiority complex can develop when individuals feel inadequate or inferior in comparison to others. John's self-doubt and self-deprecation suggest that he may be experiencing an inferiority complex.

Question 9

An originally neutral stimulus that acquires the capacity to elicit a conditioned response is called a(n)

Accepted Answer

A neutral stimulus that is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus (which already elicits a response) will eventually become associated with that response and elicit a conditioned response on its own. This neutral stimulus is then referred to as a conditioned stimulus.

Question 10

Which of the following notions is NOT considered one of the major contributions of psychoanalytic theory?

Accepted Answer

The major contributions of psychoanalytic theory are the role of childhood experiences, the role of internal conflict, and the importance of unconscious motivation in shaping behavior. The role of reinforcement in maintaining specific behaviors is a key concept in behaviorism, not psychoanalysis.

Question 11

Which of the following individuals is credited with discovering classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov is credited with discovering classical conditioning through his famous experiments with dogs and their salivation response to the sound of a bell.

Question 12

Many critics have argued that humanistic theories of personality harbor a bias against women.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Many critics have argued that humanistic theories...

Question 13

Snooki became gravely ill after drinking a neon green beverage while on spring break. Any time she sees a green beverage-even sports drinks in the convenience store-she becomes sick to her stomach. This is a real-life example of_____ .

Accepted Answer

This is an example of classical conditioning, where Snooki has associated the color green with the negative experience of becoming sick after drinking a neon green beverage. The green color serves as a conditioned stimulus that elicits a conditioned response of feeling sick to her stomach.

Question 14

Imagine you were visiting a professor during office hours. The conversation moved toward personality and his views on the research tradition. If he is an avowed behaviorist, which of the following would he be MOST likely to say?

Accepted Answer

An avowed behaviorist would most likely believe that personality is a collection of response tendencies that arise in various stimulus situations. Behaviorists focus on observable behavior rather than internal mental processes or dispositions.

Question 15

Albert Bandura differed from other behaviorists in that he gave an important role to_____ in influencing human behavior.

Accepted Answer

Albert Bandura believed that cognition, or the mental processes like thoughts, beliefs, and expectations, played a crucial role in shaping human behavior. Unlike other behaviorists who focused solely on the external factors like rewards and punishments, Bandura emphasized the importance of how people interpret and analyze information from their environment. He proposed the theory of social learning, which stated that people learn through observation, imitation, and modeling of others' behaviors, which is strongly influenced by their cognitive processes.

Question 16

If you clean your room to put an end to your father's incessant nagging on the subject, your room-cleaning response has been

Accepted Answer

Negatively reinforced means that a behavior is strengthened because it stops or removes an unpleasant or aversive stimulus. In this case, the unpleasant stimulus is the father's incessant nagging, which stops when the room is cleaned. Therefore, cleaning the room is negatively reinforced.

Question 17

Working hard to sell the most widgets for your employer in order to earn a bonus and paid vacation is behavior that is shaped by the prospect of

Accepted Answer

The behavior of working hard to sell the most widgets is shaped by the prospect of positive reinforcement, in the form of a bonus and paid vacation. The individual is motivated to continue the behavior in order to receive the desired outcome.

Question 18

In classical conditioning, the unconditioned response is a(n) _____reaction to an unconditioned stimulus.

Accepted Answer

The unconditioned response (UCR) is an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), meaning it occurs naturally without prior learning.

Question 19

The strengthening of a response leading to the removal of an unpleasant stimulus is

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcement occurs when a behavior is strengthened by the removal of an unpleasant stimulus. In this scenario, the behavior that leads to the removal of the unpleasant stimulus is strengthened, and therefore, negative reinforcement is the correct answer. Positive reinforcement involves the addition of a pleasant stimulus to strengthen a behavior, punishment involves the addition of an unpleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior, and extinction involves the lack of reinforcement to decrease a behavior.

Question 20

According to Adler, _____involves efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing one's abilities.

Accepted Answer

According to Adler's individual psychology, compensation involves efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing one's abilities.

Quiz 2: Theories of Personality