Question 1

If asked to identify a kinetic cue to depth, you should say,

Accepted Answer

Visual expansion refers to the perception of increased size and distance of an object as it approaches the observer, which provides a kinetic cue to depth perception. Retinal disparity refers to the difference between the images received by each eye, and is also a cue to depth perception, but is not kinetic. Linear perspective refers to the way that parallel lines appear to converge in the distance and provide a visual cue to depth. Experience-expectancy is not a specific cue to depth perception.

Question 2

When Sheila uses motion to determine the depth of an object, she is using a ____ cue.

Accepted Answer

When using motion to determine the depth of an object, Sheila is using kinetic cues. Kinetic cues provide information about depth based on movement, such as the motion parallax created by moving her head from side to side. Pictorial cues, such as linear perspective, provide information about depth based on the arrangement of objects in the image. Retinal disparity provides information about depth based on the difference in the images seen by the two eyes. Visual expansion occurs when an object grows larger on the retina as it moves closer.

Question 3

Who would be best at differentiating between two different monkey faces?

Accepted Answer

Infants, like Serena at 6 months old, have a heightened ability to differentiate between faces of different species, a skill that diminishes as they age and become more specialized in recognizing human faces.

Question 4

Wendell can tell that the trees on the mountain are very far away, because rather than being able to see individual trees and the spaces between them, he just perceives a big green patch. Which depth cue best describes this?

Accepted Answer

Texture gradient refers to the fact that as distance increases, the texture of a surface appears denser and less distinct. In this case, Wendell's inability to see individual trees and spaces between them is due to the texture of the trees blending together into a big green patch, indicating that they are far away. Linear perspective refers to converging parallel lines that indicate distance, visual expansion refers to objects appearing larger as they get closer, and motion parallax refers to the relative motion of objects as the observer moves. None of these depth cues are particularly relevant to Wendell's perception of the trees appearing as a big green patch.

Question 5

Which is considered a pictorial cue to depth?

Accepted Answer

Texture gradient is a pictorial cue to depth perception that occurs when objects become smaller and more densely packed as they recede into the distance. This creates a sense of depth and can be used to judge the relative distance of objects from the viewer. Visual expansion refers to the apparent increase in size of objects as they move closer to the viewer, Retinal disparity refers to the slight difference in the image received by each eye, and Motion parallax refers to the relative movement of objects at different distances as the viewer moves. While all of these cues can contribute to depth perception, texture gradient is specifically a pictorial cue that relies on the arrangement of visual details.

Question 6

Which statement regarding the study on facial recognition by showing participants faces of adults from various groups (i.e., African, Asian, and European descent)is most accurate?

Accepted Answer

The study was experimental because the researchers controlled the variables such as the race of the participants and the ethnicity of the faces shown. The study aimed to test whether participants were better at recognizing faces from their own ethnic group compared to faces from other ethnic groups. The other options are inaccurate as there is no information regarding longitudinal, ethical violations, or the age of the participants.

Question 7

A judgment of depth using motion parallax relies heavily on the ____ of an object.

Accepted Answer

Motion parallax is a depth cue that involves images of objects at different distances moving across the retina at different rates. The speed of an object's movement relative to the observer is crucial for determining depth through motion parallax, not its color, size, or shape.

Question 8

Who is most likely to be afraid of heights?

Accepted Answer

Patricia, who is 7 months old, is most likely to be afraid of heights as infants around this age start to develop depth perception and may show fear of heights, unlike newborns or very young infants who have not yet developed this awareness.

Question 9

If Donna is a normal three-year-old, her definition of herself will consist largely of her

Accepted Answer

At the age of three, children often define themselves based on their possessions, as they are concrete thinkers and tend to associate their identity with tangible objects.

Question 10

At about the age of four, children begin to realize that a person's actions are often connected to the thoughts that he or she has. What kind of study is often used to determine when children grasp this concept?

Accepted Answer

False-belief studies are often used to determine when children understand that a person's actions are connected to their thoughts. In these studies, children are presented with a scenario where a character has a false belief about a situation, and researchers observe whether or not the children understand the character's misunderstanding. Children who understand that the character's actions are based on their false belief demonstrate an understanding of theory of mind. Choices A, B, and C are not related to this concept.

Question 11

What is an example of intersensory redundancy?

Accepted Answer

Intersensory redundancy refers to the phenomenon where the same information is presented simultaneously through multiple sensory modalities, enhancing perception and learning. Observing your mother while listening to her talk is an example, as visual and auditory information about speech complement each other.

Question 12

Gina perceives the car to be far away because the sides of the road upon which it is moving seem to come together to be no wider than the car itself. This is an example of the ____ cue to depth.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of linear perspective, where the sides of the road appear to converge towards a point in the distance, giving the perception of depth. Visual acuity refers to the ability to see fine detail, texture gradient involves the changes in the size or spacing of repeated patterns to convey depth, and retinal disparity refers to the slight differences in the images projected on each eye that are used to perceive depth.

Question 13

Nou Ka is putting red marks on the noses of infants and placing them in front of a mirror to see how they respond. What is Nou Ka most likely researching?

Accepted Answer

Nou Ka is most likely researching self-awareness. This is because the experiment involves putting red marks on infants' noses and placing them in front of a mirror to observe their reaction. Research has shown that self-awareness begins to develop in infants around 18 months of age, and one way to test this is through the mirror test, which involves marking an infant's face and observing their recognition of themselves in the mirror.

Question 14

Evan is a normal subject in a self-awareness study who has just begun to recognize himself in mirrors and pictures. It is most likely that Evan is about ____ old.

Accepted Answer

The development of self-awareness typically occurs around 18 months of age, which is when children start recognizing themselves in mirrors and pictures. Therefore, it is most likely that Evan is around 18 months old. A, B, and C are too early for self-awareness to have fully developed.

Question 15

Recent research indicates that newborns have a natural attraction for tracking

Accepted Answer

Recent research indicates that newborns have a natural attraction for tracking a moving face. While they may also show a preference for their mother's face, they have been shown to track and prefer any moving face-like stimulus, even if it does not resemble a human face. There is no evidence that newborns have a specific attraction to certain types of animal faces.

Question 16

Which one-year-old would not be able to utilize retinal disparity to perceive depth?

Accepted Answer

Retinal disparity is the slight difference between the viewpoints of the two eyes, which allows for stereoscopic vision and depth perception. Larry, who was born blind in one eye, would not have this disparity and therefore would not be able to utilize it for depth perception. Mary's color blindness would not affect her ability to perceive depth using retinal disparity, and premature birth or reduced acuity may affect depth perception but not specifically the use of retinal disparity.

Question 17

The fact that an infant's perception of a stimulus is best if it stimulates more than one sense simultaneously is best described as

Accepted Answer

The statement describes the concept of intersensory redundancy, which means that infants' perception is strongest when they receive information through multiple senses simultaneously. SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome) is unrelated to this concept. Differentiation refers to infants' ability to detect differences between stimuli. Theory of mind is related to understanding other people's mental states.

Question 18

The fact that six-month-olds will look for long periods of time at toys they previously had only been able to touch suggests that infants

Accepted Answer

The fact that six-month-olds will look for long periods of time at toys they previously had only been able to touch suggests that infants are able to integrate visual and tactile information. This indicates that infants are capable of combining information from different sensory modalities.

Question 19

Ichiro's mother is trying to teach him how to catch a ball. As the ball approaches Ichiro, it takes up more and more space on Ichiro's retinas. Ichiro perceives the change in size to mean that the ball is getting closer to him rather than perceiving it to mean the ball is getting larger. Which term does the best job of describing this phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

Visual expansion refers to the perceptual phenomenon where an object appears to increase in size as it moves closer to the observer. This is likely what is happening in Ichiro's case, where the ball is taking up more space on his retinas as it approaches, and he interprets this as the ball getting closer to him rather than simply getting larger. None of the other options (texture gradient, linear perspective, and motion parallax) specifically address this phenomenon.

Question 20

The image of a person is identical on the retinas of a child, whereas the image of a dog is much different on the left retina than it is on the right. This means that the child will perceive the

Accepted Answer

The difference in the images on the retinas (retinal disparity) is a cue for depth perception. Greater disparity indicates that the object is closer. Since the dog's image is much different on each retina, it is perceived as closer than the person, whose image is identical on both retinas.

Quiz 3: Tools for Exploring the World: Physical, Perceptual, and Motor Development