Question 1

While attempting to correctly answer this question, you notice that you are mentally commenting to yourself about its level of difficulty. Vygotsky would refer to these internal mental remarks as
A)private speech.
B)scaffolding.
C)an orienting response.
D)overextension.

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky believed that children use private speech, or inner speech, to regulate their thoughts and actions. This can include mental commenting or self-talk, which is similar to talking aloud but is internalized. Therefore, the correct answer is A) private speech.

Question 2

By what age have most children mastered the three basic principles of counting for up to five objects?
A)6 years
B)24 months
C)3 years
D)18 months

Accepted Answer

Most children have mastered the three basic principles of counting for up to five objects by the age of 3 years.

Question 3

Tucker is asked to count the toes on his left foot and report the total. Tucker says, "1, 4, 5, 2, 3. There are three!" Tucker is demonstrating the ____ principle of counting.
A)one-to-one
B)stable-order
C)organization
D)cardinality

Accepted Answer

Tucker is demonstrating the cardinality principle of counting by correctly identifying the total number of toes on his left foot, despite not counting in the traditional order or using a one-to-one correspondence method.

Question 4

Scaffolding involves a teaching style in which assistance is always
A)from peers.
B)nonverbal.
C)done in informal settings.
D)based on the level of the learner's needs.

Accepted Answer

Scaffolding involves providing support or assistance to a learner based on their individual needs and current level of understanding to help them reach the next level of proficiency or mastery. This support can be in the form of verbal cues, prompts, or feedback, and may occur in a variety of settings, both formal and informal. While peers may occasionally be involved in the scaffolding process, this teaching style is primarily focused on individualized support rather than group work or collaboration, making A incorrect. Scaffolding also typically involves verbal communication rather than nonverbal cues, making B incorrect. Finally, although scaffolding can be used in a variety of settings, it is most commonly associated with formal educational environments, such as classrooms or workshops. Thus, C is also incorrect.

Question 5

When asked to count the four soda bottles placed in from of him, three-year-old Eli says, "1, 3, 4, there are 4!"  When asked to count the bottles a second time, he says, "2, 5, 7, 4, there are 4!" Eli's counting skills demonstrate that he is capable of demonstrating the ____ principle of counting.
A)one-to-one
B)cardinality
C)organization
D)stable-order

Accepted Answer

Eli is able to apply the cardinality principle of counting by recognizing that the last number he counts is the total number of objects in the set.

Question 6

How did Piaget and Vygotsky view the "journey" of cognitive development?
A)Both saw children as making the journey alone.
B)Piaget saw the journey as involving an apprenticeship driven by collaboration with others, while Vygotsky saw children as making the journey alone.
C)Vygotsky saw the journey as involving an apprenticeship driven by collaboration with others, while Piaget saw children as making the journey alone.
D)Both saw the journey as involving an apprenticeship driven by collaboration with others.

Accepted Answer

Piaget and Vygotsky had different views on how cognitive development occurs. Piaget believed that children construct their own understanding of the world through their own experiences, while Vygotsky believed that social interactions and collaboration with others are essential for cognitive development. Vygotsky saw cognitive development as an apprenticeship, where children learn from those who are more skilled and experienced than they are, while Piaget saw children as making the journey alone. Therefore, choice C is the correct answer.

Question 7

Which child is most likely using private speech during a piano lesson?
A)Wolfgang, who is practicing a very easy song
B)Sebastian, who is not making any mistakes
C)Johann, who is playing a new, difficult song for the first time
D)Giuseppe, who is already a concert pianist

Accepted Answer

Private speech, also known as self-talk, is used by children to regulate their own thinking and behavior. It is most common during tasks that require cognitive effort or are new and challenging. Therefore, the child most likely using private speech during a piano lesson is Johann, who is playing a new, difficult song for the first time.

Question 8

How would a parent utilize guided participation to improve the math skills of her child?
A)Encourage him or her to play a math-based computer game.
B)Buy him or her a study guide on math.
C)Encourage him or her to find and solve math problems in everyday life (e.g., the number of eggs in a carton).
D)Have him or her play a series of math games with a more math-skilled sibling.

Accepted Answer

Guided participation involves a more skilled individual (in this case, the sibling) providing structured assistance to the less skilled individual (the child) in order to help them learn and develop their skills. By playing math games with the sibling, the child is able to receive guidance and support as they work on improving their math skills.

Question 9

According to the principle of guided participation, cognitive growth results from
A)biological maturation.
B)interactions with a more skilled individual.
C)independent learning.
D)application of operant conditioning principles.

Accepted Answer

According to the principle of guided participation, cognitive growth results from interactions with a more skilled individual who provides support and guidance in completing tasks and activities. This process helps learners gradually take on more responsibility and control over their own learning, leading to increased competence and confidence. Biological maturation may play a role in cognitive development, but it is not the main focus of guided participation theory. Independent learning is also important, but guided participation emphasizes the importance of social interaction in promoting learning and growth. Operant conditioning principles are not directly related to guided participation theory.

Question 10

According to Vygotsky, ____ speech is another term for thought.
A)private
B)inner
C)telegraphic
D)tertiary

Accepted Answer

According to Vygotsky, inner speech is another term for thought. This concept is central to his theory on how language and thought interact and develop in children.

Question 11

Jesse is trying to teach his younger brother James how to be a "fast gun." Before they start, Jesse reminds himself that James will need a lot of direction at first, but it is critical to not give more help than is needed.  Jesse's plan provides an excellent example of the strategy of
A)scaffolding.
B)overextension.
C)orienting response.
D)the one-to-one principle.

Accepted Answer

Jesse's strategy of providing direction to James but not more help than is needed is an example of scaffolding, which involves providing support and guidance to a learner that gradually decreases as the learner becomes more proficient.

Question 12

Federer is trying to implement a scaffolding style into his teaching of tennis to Venus, who is having difficulty, and to Serena, who is doing very well. To do this, Federer must
A)be sure to praise both students for their effort, not for their successes.
B)discourage private speech in both students.
C)give Venus more assistance and give Serena less assistance.
D)promote cooperation rather than competition between the two students.

Accepted Answer

Scaffolding involves providing more support and guidance to students who are struggling, while gradually reducing support for those who are successful. Therefore, Federer should give Venus more assistance and less assistance to Serena to implement this style of teaching.

Question 13

Which number illustrates the fact that in English, numbers do not all follow a regular naming pattern, thus making learning to count more difficult in English than in some other number systems?
A)​1
B)​11
C)​21
D)​31

Accepted Answer

The number 11 does not follow a regular naming pattern like "oneteen" or "ten-one," making it an example of irregularity in English number naming.

Question 14

If you believed in the concept of the zone of proximal development, what advice should you give to a child who is attempting to learn how to throw a ball?
A)Tell the child to do it by him- or herself.
B)Tell the child to ask a friend who knows how to throw well to help him or her out.
C)Tell the child how easy the task is (even if it is hard).
D)You would say nothing, as advice will simply confuse the child.

Accepted Answer

The zone of proximal development is the range of skills that a child can perform with guidance, but not yet on their own. By asking a friend who knows how to throw well to help, the child can receive guidance and support that will help them develop their throwing skills within their zone of proximal development. This is a more effective approach than simply doing it by themselves (A) or being told that the task is easy (C), as these approaches do not provide the necessary guidance for learning. Option D, saying nothing, does not provide any guidance or support for the child's learning.

Question 15

Which best exemplifies intersubjectivity?
A)The fact that identical twins sometimes appear to know what the other twin is thinking
B)The fact that most students who are good at math are also good at English
C)The fact that all members of the soccer team know that the main point is to kick a ball into a goal
D)The fact that culture influences thought and thought influences culture

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which best exemplifies intersubjectivity?
A)The fact that identical...

Question 16

The mutual shared understanding among participants in an activity is referred to as
A)intersubjectivity.
B)essentialism.
C)fast-mapping.
D)accommodation.

Accepted Answer

Intersubjectivity refers to the mutual understanding and agreement among participants in a social interaction or activity. It involves a shared knowledge and perspective that forms the basis of social communication and cooperation. Essentialism refers to the belief that objects or concepts have an inherent, unchanging nature or essence. Fast-mapping refers to the ability to learn and remember new words quickly based on limited exposure. Accommodation refers to the process of adjusting one's existing schemas or mental representations to accommodate new information or experiences.

Question 17

Dr. Gunga is attempting to determine the zone of proximal development for Dinn when Dinn works on complex mazes. In order to do so, Dr. Gunga must measure Dinn's personal performance on the maze and
A)Dinn's performance on several other Piagetian tasks.
B)Dinn's maze performance when assisted by a skilled helper.
C)Dinn's peers' performance on the same maze.
D)how well Dinn performed on the same maze earlier in his life.

Accepted Answer

To determine the zone of proximal development for Dinn when working on complex mazes, Dr. Gunga needs to measure Dinn's performance on the maze when assisted by a skilled helper. This will allow Dr. Gunga to see how much Dinn is capable of accomplishing with assistance, which will help define his zone of proximal development. Dinn's performance on other tasks, his peers' performance on the same maze, and how well he performed on the same maze in the past are not relevant to determining his zone of proximal development.

Question 18

Francesca does a pretty good job of completing spelling problems but does much better if she is given direction by her teacher. The difference between what Francesca can do alone and with assistance is best defined in terms of her
A)orienting response.
B)animism.
C)one-to-one principle.
D)zone of proximal development.

Accepted Answer

The difference between what Francesca can do alone and with assistance indicates her zone of proximal development, which refers to the range of tasks that a child can perform with guidance or assistance from a more knowledgeable other. Francesca's performance with assistance indicates the level of skills she is capable of achieving with guidance or support.

Question 19

According to the ____ principle of counting, the last number in a counting sequence differs from previous numbers and denotes the total number of objects being counted.
A)stable-order
B)cardinality
C)one-to-one
D)habituation

Accepted Answer

The cardinality principle of counting states that the last number in a counting sequence represents the total number of objects being counted. The other options are not related to this principle.

Question 20

According to Vygotsky, private speech is aimed at
A)self-esteem.
B)self-efficacy.
C)self-doubt.
D)self-regulation.

Accepted Answer

According to Vygotsky, private speech is a form of self-regulation where children use language to guide and regulate their own behavior and thoughts. Private speech is a way for children to monitor and direct their own thinking and actions, enabling them to become more independent and effective in their problem-solving and learning.

Quiz 4: The Emergence of Thought and Language: Cognitive Development in Infancy and Early Childhood

While attempting to correctly answer this question, you notice that you are mentally commenting to yourself about its level of difficulty. Vygotsky would refer to these internal mental remarks as

By what age have most children mastered the three basic principles of counting for up to five objects?

Tucker is asked to count the toes on his left foot and report the total. Tucker says, "1, 4, 5, 2, 3. There are three!" Tucker is demonstrating the ____ principle of counting.

Scaffolding involves a teaching style in which assistance is always

When asked to count the four soda bottles placed in from of him, three-year-old Eli says, "1, 3, 4, there are 4!" When asked to count the bottles a second time, he says, "2, 5, 7, 4, there are 4!" Eli's counting skills demonstrate that he is capable of demonstrating the ____ principle of counting.

How did Piaget and Vygotsky view the "journey" of cognitive development?

Which child is most likely using private speech during a piano lesson?

How would a parent utilize guided participation to improve the math skills of her child?

According to the principle of guided participation, cognitive growth results from

According to Vygotsky, ____ speech is another term for thought.

Jesse is trying to teach his younger brother James how to be a "fast gun." Before they start, Jesse reminds himself that James will need a lot of direction at first, but it is critical to not give more help than is needed. Jesse's plan provides an excellent example of the strategy of

Federer is trying to implement a scaffolding style into his teaching of tennis to Venus, who is having difficulty, and to Serena, who is doing very well. To do this, Federer must

Which number illustrates the fact that in English, numbers do not all follow a regular naming pattern, thus making learning to count more difficult in English than in some other number systems?

If you believed in the concept of the zone of proximal development, what advice should you give to a child who is attempting to learn how to throw a ball?

Which best exemplifies intersubjectivity?

The mutual shared understanding among participants in an activity is referred to as

Dr. Gunga is attempting to determine the zone of proximal development for Dinn when Dinn works on complex mazes. In order to do so, Dr. Gunga must measure Dinn's personal performance on the maze and

Francesca does a pretty good job of completing spelling problems but does much better if she is given direction by her teacher. The difference between what Francesca can do alone and with assistance is best defined in terms of her

According to the ____ principle of counting, the last number in a counting sequence differs from previous numbers and denotes the total number of objects being counted.

According to Vygotsky, private speech is aimed at