Top-down planning tends to reflect more excessive and aggressive optimism than bottom-up planning.

Question

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Top-down planning often involves high-level executives setting ambitious goals and targets without fully considering the resources and capabilities of the organization. This can lead to a more optimistic outlook that may not be supported by lower-level employees who are responsible for executing the plan through bottom-up planning. As a result, bottom-up planning tends to be more realistic and cautious in its approach.

Top-Down Planning Tends to Reflect More Excessive and Aggressive Optimism