Question 1

When people are self-focused, they

Accepted Answer

The answer of When people are self-focused, they
...

Question 2

Research concerning private and public self-consciousness shows that people who are

Accepted Answer

Private self-consciousness refers to being highly aware of one's own internal thoughts and feelings. Research has shown that individuals high in private self-consciousness are more likely to monitor their body for signs of illness or discomfort and are more likely to experience anxiety when they perceive their internal states to be abnormal. Public self-consciousness, on the other hand, refers to being highly aware of how one is perceived by others. People who score high in public self-consciousness are more likely to engage in impression management, including monitoring their behavior to ensure that they are presenting themselves in a favorable light to others.

Question 3

According to self-discrepancy theory, experiencing negative emotions, such as anxiety or depression, is often caused by

Accepted Answer

According to self-discrepancy theory, experiencing negative emotions is caused by the degree of incongruity among the actual, ought, and ideal selves. When there is a large discrepancy between these three selves, it can lead to feelings of anxiety, guilt, or shame. This is because individuals may feel like they are not meeting their own expectations for themselves or the expectations of others. Therefore, the degree of incongruity among the actual, ought, and ideal selves is the best answer.

Question 4

Ruben is trying to lose weight, but his roommate keeps a stash of peanut butter cups in the refrigerator. Ruben has little willpower over his urge to eat peanut butter cups. Given the research regarding ironic processes, Ruben is most likely to think about the peanut butter cups if he tells himself

Accepted Answer

Ruben is most likely to think about the peanut butter cups if he tells himself not to think about them and is distracted by something else. This is because ironic processes occur when people try to suppress a thought or behavior, but the thought or behavior becomes more accessible in consciousness.

Question 5

Anquan is frustrated by the incompetence of his professor during class today, and it takes a great deal of effort for him to refrain from standing up during the lecture to tell her she does not know what she is talking about. According to Muraven and Baumeister's (2000) theory of self-control, which of the following outcomes is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

According to Muraven and Baumeister's theory of self-control, exerting self-control in one situation can deplete one's ability to exert self-control in subsequent situations, leading to indulgence or lapses in self-control, such as eating an entire pint of ice cream.

Question 6

Hideo tends to be very hard on himself, thinking he doesn't live up to his goals, but when drunk, he usually feels a lot better about himself. Hideo is probably experiencing

Accepted Answer

Hideo experiencing drunken self-inflation, where his perception of himself becomes more positive or inflated due to the effects of alcohol.

Question 7

According to self-awareness theory, which of the following behaviors is least likely to draw attention to self-discrepancies?

Accepted Answer

According to self-awareness theory, being in a dimly lit environment with a lot of people around (like a crowded theater) reduces self-awareness and makes it less likely for individuals to focus on their self-discrepancies. Seeing one's reflection in a mirror, posing for a photograph, and standing on stage in front of an audience all increase self-awareness and can bring attention to self-discrepancies.

Question 8

Missy always calls Delfina to discuss and coordinate her choice of clothes each morning before leaving for school. If Delfina disapproves or suggests an alternative outfit, Missy always changes her clothes accordingly. Missy is probably

Accepted Answer

Missy's behavior suggests that she is concerned about how others perceive her and wants to make sure she is presenting herself in a way that is socially acceptable, indicating high public self-consciousness.

Question 9

Jenna is fairly high-strung. This attribute conflicts more with Jenna's ideal self than with her ought self. Jenna is more likely to experience ______ than she is to experience ______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Jenna is fairly high-strung. This attribute conflicts...

Question 10

The process by which we seek to control or alter our thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and urges is called

Accepted Answer

Self-regulation refers to our ability to control or modify our thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and urges. This process involves setting goals, monitoring our progress, and using strategies to maintain or change our behavior. Self-handicapping refers to the tendency to make excuses to avoid taking responsibility for failure, while self-verification refers to the desire to have others see us as consistent with our self-concept. Self-presentation involves controlling the impressions we make on others.

Question 11

According to self-discrepancy theory, the disorder most likely to develop from a discrepancy between the real self and the ought self is

Accepted Answer

Self-discrepancy theory suggests that a discrepancy between the real self and the ought self, which involves failing to meet one's own or others' expectations, is likely to lead to anxiety.

Question 12

The fact that people rate the letters in their own names more favorably than other letters of the alphabet is best described as an example of

Accepted Answer

Implicit egoism refers to the tendency for people to prefer things that are associated with the self, such as the letters in their own name. This bias is believed to reflect the importance of the self-concept in guiding behavior and shaping judgments about the world. In this case, people rate the letters in their own name more favorably simply because they are associated with their own identity. Basking in reflected glory refers to the tendency for people to associate themselves with successful others in order to feel good about themselves, and is not applicable in this scenario. Self-handicapping involves the use of strategies to excuse potential failure or preserve self-esteem, and self-verification refers to the tendency for people to seek out information that confirms their existing self-concept. Neither of these theories is relevant to the observation that people prefer the letters in their own name.

Question 13

Higher levels of self-awareness often

Accepted Answer

The answer of Higher levels of self-awareness often
...

Question 14

Which of the following statements is most consistent with Muraven and Baumeister's (2000) theory of self-control?

Accepted Answer

Muraven and Baumeister's theory posits that self-control is a limited resource that can be depleted with use. This is consistent with option A. Option B is actually the opposite of their theory - they suggest that exerting self-control in one situation actually depletes the resource and makes it more difficult to exert control in the future. Options C and D are not consistent with their theory.

Question 15

People enhance their self-esteem in all of the following ways except

Accepted Answer

Upward social comparison involves comparing oneself to someone who is doing better in a particular area in order to feel motivated to improve. This can actually lead to lower self-esteem if the comparison is perceived as unattainable. The other three methods listed (basking in reflected glory, self-serving cognitions, and self-handicapping) are all strategies people use to enhance their self-esteem.

Question 16

What physical symptom did Gailliot (2007) show to occur during acts of self-regulation?

Accepted Answer

Gailliot (2007) showed that acts of self-regulation resulted in reduced blood glucose levels.

Question 17

Jasper is feeling guilty and ashamed because he did not help his mother paint the house. Jasper is most likely suffering from a discrepancy between what two aspects of the self?

Accepted Answer

Jasper's feelings of guilt and shame stem from a discrepancy between his "ought self" (how he believes he should act or behave) and his "actual self" (how he actually acts or behaves). This discrepancy leads to feelings of guilt for not living up to his obligations or responsibilities.

Question 18

Research has consistently demonstrated that when it comes to perceptions of the self, people have a tendency to

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research has consistently demonstrated that when it...

Question 19

Baumeister (1991) suggests that drug abuse, sexual masochism, spiritual ecstasy, binge eating, and suicide may all be attempts to

Accepted Answer

Baumeister suggests that these behaviors may be attempts to reduce self-awareness, meaning that individuals may engage in them in order to escape from negative thoughts or emotions associated with their self-awareness.

Question 20

Which of the following statements about ironic processes of mental self-control is false ?

Accepted Answer

The statement that ironic processes of mental self-control happen more among individuals who are low in stress is false. Research has shown that these processes occur more frequently under conditions of high stress or fatigue.

Quiz 3: The Social Self