Which of the Following Concerning the Use of Fear Appeals

Which of the following concerning the use of fear appeals is not supported by research?

A) Fear appeals may motivate change by increasing the incentive to think carefully about the arguments in the message.
B) Fear appeals are generally less effective than messages that do not provoke fear.
C) Fear appeals are most effective when they include specific information on how to avoid the threat.
D) Fear arousal may reduce the ability of already fearful message recipients to carefully process a message.