Question 1

Asch's studies of conformity to social pressure demonstrate risky shift.

Accepted Answer

Asch's studies showed that people conform to social pressure in group settings, which can lead to a phenomenon known as risky shift, where individuals make riskier decisions as part of a group than they would make as an individual.

Question 2

Zimbardo's not me syndrome suggests that there is often a dramatic gulf between what people think they will do and what they actually do.

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Question 3

Alienation is a problem only in occupations involving manual labor and factory production.

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Question 4

The structure of bureaucracy is designed to reduce the influence of socioemotional relations and interactions while maximizing instrumental interaction.

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Question 5

In Milgram's studies of obedience to authority, more than half of the volunteer subjects went "all the way" and administered the highest, most dangerous intensity of electric shock.

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Question 6

Utilitarian organizations are always for-profit organizations.

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Question 7

Define and explain the differences between primary and secondary groups. Illustrate with examples from your own life

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Question 8

Define social networks and describe how they develop. Describe a benefit of social networks from your own life.

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Question 9

The greater the number of people in a group, the greater the tendency toward deindividuation.

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Question 10

_____ are small and intimate; _____are larger and short lived.
A) Primary groups; secondary groups
B) Secondary groups; primary groups
C) Triads; dyads
D) Categories; secondary groups

Accepted Answer

Primary groups are small and intimate, consisting of close, personal relationships built on a foundation of emotional connection and mutual support, such as family and close friends. Secondary groups, on the other hand, are larger and short-lived, consisting of more formal and impersonal relationships, such as a workplace or interest group.

Question 11

Explain how networks have contributed to the perception that we live in a  "small world" and summarize the findings of small-world researchers.

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Question 12

Explain how a sociologist might study groups and organizations from the micro level of analysis and the macro level of analysis. Describe how these are different.

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Question 13

People with a great deal of power or money are much less vulnerable to groupthink than others.

Accepted Answer

People with power or money often have less fear of punishment, less need for social approval, and higher confidence in their own decisions, making them less susceptible to groupthink.

Question 14

Cooley's concept of primary groups
A) refers only to the intimate groups of one's formative years.
B) has been elaborated to include a variety of intimate relations.
C) no longer has relevance within sociology.
D) has been replaced with the concept of secondary groups.

Accepted Answer

Cooley's concept of primary groups has been elaborated to include a range of intimate relations beyond just those formed in one's formative years. It remains relevant within sociology and has not been replaced by the concept of secondary groups.

Question 15

The theory of McDonaldization is useful only for understanding the fast-food and other service industries.

Accepted Answer

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Question 16

In subcultures that value caution, group decision making often leads to more risky decisions.

Accepted Answer

In subcultures that value caution, group decision making often leads to more risky decisions because individuals are less likely to voice dissenting opinions and more likely to conform to the group's consensus, even if it is risky.

Question 17

Define instrumental needs and expressive needs; explain which types of groups are most likely to meet these different types of needs.

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Question 18

Explain how the treatment of prisoners at Abu Ghraib relates to the conclusions of Milgram's experiment.

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Question 19

In order to function efficiently, bureaucracies must be impersonal and dehumanizing.

Accepted Answer

Bureaucracies operate on rules and regulations that apply equally to all individuals, regardless of their personal circumstances or relationships. This impersonality is necessary for the bureaucracy to function efficiently and to prevent favoritism or discrimination. However, this also means that the bureaucracy may be perceived as dehumanizing, as it treats people as numbers or categories rather than as individuals with unique needs and circumstances.

Question 20

Symbolic interaction theory is concerned with the influence organizations have on personal identity.

Accepted Answer

Symbolic interaction theory focuses on how individuals create and interpret meanings through social interactions, rather than the influence of organizations on personal identity.

Quiz 6: Groups and Organization