Question 1

Supplemental oxygen replaces nitrogen in the dead space of the lungs with oxygen, referred to as ____.

Accepted Answer

Supplemental oxygen replaces nitrogen in the dead space of the lungs with oxygen, referred to as nitrogen washout.

Question 2

The ____ is a functional portion of the esophagus where the walls of the esophagus contract inwardly, forming a physical barrier to the reflux of stomach contents up the esophagus.

Accepted Answer

The lower esophageal sphincter is the functional portion of the esophagus that contracts inwardly, forming a barrier to prevent the reflux of stomach contents up the esophagus. The upper esophageal sphincter is located at the top of the esophagus and helps to prevent air from entering the esophagus during breathing. The upper and lower hypoepiglottic sphincters do not exist.

Question 3

____ masks, special masks with a restricted intake that permits an exact percentage of oxygen, can be used to deliver oxygen, although their use in the prehospital environment is generally limited to specialty care services.

Accepted Answer

Venturi masks have a restricted intake that permits an exact percentage of oxygen, making them useful for delivering specific levels of oxygen to patients. The other choices are not relevant to this concept.

Question 4

The ____ devices allow the Paramedic some degree of choice in determining gas flow and oxygen concentration.

Accepted Answer

Variable flow devices, such as the oxygen regulator and demand valve, allow the paramedic to control the rate of oxygen flow to the patient. This can be adjusted based on the patient's needs and condition. Constant flow devices (A and B) deliver oxygen at a set rate and are not adjustable. Variable pressure devices (C) are used to regulate the pressure of medical gases and do not control the flow of oxygen.

Question 5

Ventilating the pediatric patient requires care to prevent ____.

Accepted Answer

Overpressurization can cause lung injury or pneumothorax, so it is important to carefully monitor the pressure during ventilation of a pediatric patient. Underpressurization can result in ineffective ventilation and hypoventilation, but it is not the greatest concern in this case. Hyperventilation and hypoventilation are potential complications, but not specific to ventilating a pediatric patient.

Question 6

The epiglottis is attached to the hyoid bone by the ____.

Accepted Answer

The hyoepiglottic ligament connects the hyoid bone to the epiglottis, helping to control the closure of the airway during swallowing.

Question 7

Generally ____ cm H₂O is considered to be the upper limit with a CPAP machine.

Accepted Answer

20 cm H2O is generally considered to be the upper limit with a CPAP machine.

Question 8

In the healthy adult, ____ is a reflex mechanism that opens collapsed areas of the lung.

Accepted Answer

Sighing is a reflex mechanism that opens collapsed areas of the lung. During a sigh, a larger breath than normal is taken in, followed by a brief period of breath-holding before exhaling. This causes small air sacs in the lung called alveoli to expand and remain open, preventing their collapse. Coughing and yawning serve different purposes and stretching is not a reflex mechanism that opens collapsed areas of the lung.

Question 9

____, mechanical devices that deliver a specified volume of respiratory gas, have been used in the prehospital environment in Europe since the late 1970s.

Accepted Answer

Automatic transport ventilators are the correct choice because they are specifically designed to deliver a set volume of respiratory gas to patients, and have been utilized in prehospital settings in Europe since the late 1970s.

Question 10

____, oxygen masks with an oxygen reservoir, can deliver up to 80% FiO₂.

Accepted Answer

Nonrebreather face masks are designed with an oxygen reservoir bag, allowing the delivery of a high concentration of oxygen (up to 80% FiO2). Oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal airways simply help maintain an open airway, while nasal cannulas typically deliver a lower concentration of oxygen (up to 45% FiO2).

Question 11

The rigid pharyngeal suction catheters are known as ____ or tonsil tip catheters.

Accepted Answer

The rigid pharyngeal suction catheter that is known as a tonsil tip catheter is called a Yankauer. The other options mentioned are not types of pharyngeal suction catheters.

Question 12

The ____ is the most commonly used device for providing assisted ventilation.

Accepted Answer

A bag-mask assembly is the most commonly used device for providing assisted ventilation in emergency situations as it can be easily and quickly applied and provides effective ventilation for patients who are not breathing or not breathing adequately on their own. Full-face masks and mask assemblies may also be used, but are less commonly used for providing ventilation. Lateral mask assemblies are not a recognized device for assisted ventilation.

Question 13

The goal of assisted ventilation is to provide patients with approximately ____ breaths/minute that meet the patient's appropriate tidal volume.

Accepted Answer

The goal of assisted ventilation is to provide patients with approximately 12 to 20 breaths/minute that meet the patient's appropriate tidal volume. This is the range where the majority of patients will have appropriate gas exchange and oxygenation. Choices A, B, and D are either too low or too high for a typical patient.

Question 14

The primary differences between basic adult and pediatric airway management relates to differences in ____.

Accepted Answer

The primary differences between basic adult and pediatric airway management relates to differences in anatomy and physiology. Children have smaller airways, shorter trachea, and different muscular and cartilaginous structures compared to adults, which can make airway management more challenging. The physiological responses to airway interventions also differ in children compared to adults. Thus, understanding the anatomical and physiological differences is critical for successful airway management in both adult and pediatric patients.

Question 15

____ involves the identifying the cricoid ring and assigning an individual to gently apply approximately 10 pounds of pressure in a posterior direction throughout airway management.

Accepted Answer

This maneuver is known as Sellick's maneuver, also called cricoid pressure. It is applied to prevent aspiration of gastric contents during intubation or airway management by compressing the esophagus against the cricoid cartilage. It involves identifying the cricoid ring and applying gentle pressure. The other options, Yankauer's, Murphy's, and Brown's maneuvers, are not related to cricoid pressure or airway management.

Question 16

For most non-trauma patients in respiratory arrest, the technique of choice for opening the airway is the ____.

Accepted Answer

The head-tilt, chin lift technique is the most commonly used technique for opening the airway in non-trauma patients in respiratory arrest. This is because it is a simple and effective method that can be performed quickly and with minimal risk of injury to the patient. The tongue-jaw lift and modified jaw thrust are also effective techniques, but are typically used in patients with suspected cervical spine injuries or those who cannot tolerate the head-tilt, chin lift. The head lift technique is not recommended due to the risk of exacerbating cervical spine injuries.

Question 17

____ uses a combination of gas flow and resistance to exhalation to increase the minimum airway pressure.

Accepted Answer

CPAP (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure) uses a combination of gas flow and resistance to exhalation to increase the minimum airway pressure, which helps keep airways open during sleep. APAP (Automatic Positive Airway Pressure) adjusts the air pressure automatically based on the individual's breathing patterns. CNAP (Cervical Nerve Root Avulsion Pain) is a type of nerve injury that causes severe pain in the neck and shoulders. IPAP (Inspiratory Positive Airway Pressure) is a setting in BiPAP (Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure) therapy that delivers a higher pressure during inhalation and a lower pressure during exhalation.

Question 18

Using the pocket mask requires only two skills: ____.

Accepted Answer

Forming a mask seal and not hyperventilating are the two essential skills needed when using a pocket mask for rescue breathing or CPR, ensuring effective ventilation and preventing the rescuer from overexerting.

Question 19

The ____ is a pronged device designed for nasal oxygen delivery.

Accepted Answer

The nasal cannula is a pronged device designed for nasal oxygen delivery. The nonrebreather face mask and Venturi mask are both types of oxygen masks, and the oropharyngeal airway is a device used to keep the airway open during certain medical procedures. None of these are specifically designed for nasal oxygen delivery.

Question 20

____ has clearly been demonstrated to decrease intubation rates and to provide symptomatic improvement in prehospital patients with congestive heart failure.

Accepted Answer

CPAP has been shown to decrease intubation rates and improve symptoms in prehospital patients with congestive heart failure. Venturi masks and nasal cannulas do not provide the same level of positive pressure as CPAP. IPAP (inspiratory positive airway pressure) is a component of bipap and is not typically used in prehospital treatment of congestive heart failure.

Quiz 22: Non-Intubating Airway Management