Question 1

The realist argument that said peace was a by-product of a stable balance of power was replaced with

Accepted Answer

The replacement of the realist argument that peace was a by-product of a stable balance of power was the concept of collective security, which involves countries working together to prevent aggression by any one state.

Question 2

The theory that stresses states' customs and habitual ways of behaving as the most important source of law is called _________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The theory that stresses states' customs and...

Question 3

Weaknesses of the International Court of Justice include

Accepted Answer

The International Court of Justice can only make rulings on disputes that states freely submit to it, which limits its jurisdiction. It cannot rule on cases that states do not bring to it, as noted in option A. Option C is incorrect because the court does indeed protect state sovereignty by respecting the decisions and policies of individual states.

Question 4

Diplomatic actions taken in advance of a predictable crisis to prevent or limit violence is called __________.

Accepted Answer

Preventive diplomacy involves taking proactive measures to prevent or limit violence before it occurs, typically through diplomatic efforts and communication between conflicting parties. Collective security involves cooperation between nations to protect against external threats, while conciliation involves efforts to reconcile and resolve disputes between conflicting parties. Peacekeeping involves the deployment of neutral observer forces to monitor and maintain peace during or after a conflict.

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the difference between the realist and liberal views on the prospects of conflict and peace?

Accepted Answer

Realists believe that conflict is unavoidable due to the pursuit of self-interest by states, while liberals focus on the potential for cooperation through institutions and norms. Realists prioritize national security over other goals, while liberals prioritize the promotion of peace and human rights.

Question 6

The International Criminal Court (ICC) was established to prosecute

Accepted Answer

The ICC was established to prosecute individuals charged with war crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide, and aggression. It does not have jurisdiction over states or NGOs.

Question 7

Which is NOT considered one of the most important arms control treaties between superpowers?

Accepted Answer

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) is a military alliance, not an arms control treaty. SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks), START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty), and SORT (Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty) are all major arms control treaties between superpowers.

Question 8

Agreements to reduce or destroy weapons or other means of attack is known as _____.

Accepted Answer

Disarmament refers to agreements to reduce or destroy weapons or other means of attack. Arms control refers to the regulation of the production, trade, and use of weapons. Collective security refers to the idea that states can achieve security by working together to prevent aggression. Peacekeeping refers to the use of third-party military forces to help maintain peace and security in conflict zones. While all of these concepts are related to promoting peace and security, disarmament specifically refers to reduction or elimination of weapons.

Question 9

Since 1948, the United Nations has been involved in ________ peacekeeping operations.

Accepted Answer

The United Nations has been involved in 67 peacekeeping operations since 1948. This information is provided in the question itself.

Question 10

Which of the following is true of NATO?

Accepted Answer

All of these statements are true regarding NATO. Article 5, which calls for collective defense, was indeed invoked for the first time after the 9/11 attacks, leading to NATO's involvement in Afghanistan. Many European nations have had restrictions on their military's rules of engagement in Afghanistan, reflecting a degree of reluctance or caution in their participation. Additionally, NATO's mission has evolved over time to include broader security objectives such as the promotion of democratic values among member states and partner countries.

Question 11

Which type of agreement between countries is easiest to negotiate and enforce, and why?

Accepted Answer

Bilateral agreements are the easiest to negotiate and enforce because they occur between only two participants, making it simpler to reach a consensus and ensure compliance. When more participants are involved, it becomes increasingly difficult to balance competing interests and ensure compliance with the terms of the agreement.

Question 12

Advocates of collective security as a road to peace believe that

Accepted Answer

Advocates of collective security believe that all threats to peace must be a common concern for everyone, meaning that all states must work together to prevent conflict and maintain peace. This involves a willingness to act collectively to confront and deter aggression, which can include economic sanctions, diplomatic isolation, or even military force if necessary. It does not necessarily mean having multiple security alliances or dismissing the potential effectiveness of other methods of deterrence.

Question 13

Which of the following statements is most consistent with constructivist theory?

Accepted Answer

Constructivist theory suggests that norms, ideas, and beliefs shape international relations. The statement in option A suggests that international law and collective security regimes are influenced by changes in popular views, which is consistent with constructivism. Option B focuses on material factors, which is more consistent with realism. Option C reflects a perspective of sovereignty, which is not unique to constructivism. Option D is simply an opinion and not a statement related to international relations theory.

Question 14

Collective security differs from balance-of-power theory because it

Accepted Answer

Collective security theory posits that it is necessary to establish an international organization that can organize military responses to aggression in order to protect all member states. This differs from balance-of-power theory, which relies on flexible alliances and counter-alliances in order to maintain a balance of power and prevent any one state from becoming too powerful. Collective security does not abolish state sovereignty, but it does require states to defer some decision-making power to the international organization in matters of security. Ad hoc security agreements are not sufficient to create a lasting system of collective security.

Question 15

The process of diplomacy, mediation, negotiation, or other forms of peaceful settlement that arranges an end to a dispute and resolves the issues that led to conflict is known as _____.

Accepted Answer

Peacemaking involves the process of bringing conflicting parties together to reach an agreement that ends the conflict and resolves the underlying issues. This can include various forms of diplomacy, negotiation, and mediation. Peace enforcement involves the use of military force to impose peace on warring parties, while arms control refers to efforts to limit or reduce the production and spread of weapons. Preventive diplomacy involves taking action to prevent conflicts from escalating.

Question 16

The difference between arms control and disarmament is that

Accepted Answer

Arms control refers to agreements and regulations that limit or manage the arms levels of states or regions, while disarmament involves the reduction, complete elimination, or prohibition of weapons.

Question 17

Which of the following is a limitation of international law?

Accepted Answer

International law's ambiguity reduces law to a policy tool for propaganda purposes. While international law is meant to provide a framework for states to follow, its vagueness and lack of enforceability can lead to its use as a justification for political or economic agendas. This can undermine the independence of legal systems and make it difficult to hold states accountable for their actions.

Question 18

Which two countries broke the NPT's barriers to nonproliferation to become nuclear states in 1998?

Accepted Answer

India and Pakistan both conducted nuclear tests in 1998, breaking the NPT's barriers to nonproliferation and becoming nuclear states.

Question 19

A major criticism of antipersonnel landmines is

Accepted Answer

Antipersonnel landmines do not discriminate between civilian and military targets, causing harm and injury to innocent civilians long after conflicts have ended.

Question 20

Nuclear arsenals in the United States and Russia have declined by approximately __________ from Cold War highs.

Accepted Answer

Nuclear arsenals in the United States and Russia have declined by approximately 90 percent from their Cold War highs due to various arms control agreements and unilateral reductions.

Quiz 9: The Quest for Peace Through International Law and Collective Security