Question 1

Which of the following states that the difference between the population parameters between two groups is zero?
A) null parameter
B) null hypothesis
C) alternative hypothesis
D) null alternative hypothesis
E) zero hypothesis

Accepted Answer

The null hypothesis states that there is no significant difference between two groups, which means that the difference between the population parameters between the two groups is zero.

Question 2

One of the reasons that all statistically significant differences may not be meaningful is that, to a great extent, statistical significance is determined by:
A) competitors who are trying to sabotage research studies
B) only a few customers
C) statistical formulas that are unstable and unpredictable themselves
D) sample size
E) data mining software that is too new to be trustworthy

Accepted Answer

Statistical significance is heavily influenced by sample size. As sample size increases, even small differences become significant. However, just because a difference is statistically significant does not necessarily mean it is meaningful or practically significant. Researchers must carefully consider the effect size and the practical implications of their findings.

Question 3

To test whether a true difference exists between two group percentages, we test the ________ hypothesis.
A) z
B) t
C) z or t hypothesis; it does not matter
D) null
E) alternative

Accepted Answer

To test whether a true difference exists between two group percentages, we use the null hypothesis. This hypothesis assumes that there is no difference between the two groups and any observed difference is due to chance. The alternative hypothesis, on the other hand, assumes that there is a true difference between the two groups. Therefore, we use the null hypothesis as the basis for our test.

Question 4

Fortunately, when testing for differences, you will not need to be concerned whether to use the t or z test because:
A) the z is easier to calculate and to interpret and should always be used
B) the t is more widely known among statisticians and should always be used
C) assumptions of the z and t are minimal and are of concern only to statisticians
D) SPSS, and most statistical software packages, are programmed to use the correct statistic
E) clients will not know the difference

Accepted Answer

SPSS and most statistical software packages are programmed to use the correct statistic, so there is no need to worry about whether to use the t or z test. This ensures that the appropriate test is used based on the data and assumptions, leading to more accurate results.

Question 5

Which best represents the correct meaning of statistical significance?
A) The differences found in sample data may be found in other sample data.
B) The differences found in sample data may be assumed to exist in the remainder of the sample.
C) The differences found in the sample may be assumed to exist in the population.
D) The differences found in the population may be assumed to exist in the sample.
E) A significant difference means that managers will be able to use the difference in order to develop effective marketing strategies.

Accepted Answer

Statistical significance means that the differences found in the sample may be assumed to exist in the population. It does not necessarily mean that the differences are present in all samples, as option A suggests. Option B is incorrect because it uses the term "assumed" which implies a lack of certainty. Option D is incorrect because statistical significance does not guarantee that the differences found in the population will be present in the sample. Option E is also incorrect because statistical significance is a statistical concept and does not necessarily have direct implications for managerial decision-making.

Question 6

The fact that different segments of flu or cold sufferers will consistently seek different medications targeted at their symptoms (sore throat, nasal congestion, cough, etc.)illustrates the use of:
A) differences that are significant
B) differences that are meaningful
C) differences that are stable
D) differences that are actionable
E) differences that are found in the sample

Accepted Answer

The answer of The fact that different segments of flu...

Question 7

When making a comparison between two groups of respondents to determine whether or not they are statistically different, in concept, the researcher is considering the two groups as two:
A) different populations
B) different answers
C) different tests
D) common groups
E) related groups

Accepted Answer

When comparing two groups of respondents, the researcher is comparing the results from two different populations. This is because the groups are typically randomly selected and have different characteristics, which means they are not related or already part of the same population. Therefore, the best choice is A) different populations.

Question 8

A meaningful difference is one that the marketing manager:
A) can potentially use as a basis for marketing decisions
B) deems to be statistically significant
C) finds to be at a ratio of 2 to 1
D) finds to be stable over at least a week or so
E) may or may not be statistically significant

Accepted Answer

A meaningful difference is one that the marketing manager can potentially use as a basis for marketing decisions. It does not necessarily have to be statistically significant, a specific ratio or stable over a certain period of time. It just needs to be relevant and useful for the marketing campaign.

Question 9

P values can take on a range of:
A) +1.00 to -1.00
B) 0 to 100
C)  95 to  99
D) 0.000 to 1.00
E) .0001 to .0005

Accepted Answer

P values represent the probability of obtaining results as extreme (or more) than what was observed, assuming the null hypothesis is true. P values can range from 0 to 1.0, with values closer to 0 indicating stronger evidence against the null hypothesis. Therefore, option D is the correct choice.

Question 10

Which of the following requirements of differences means that the marketer can focus various marketing strategies and tactics, such as product design or advertising, on the market segments to accentuate the differences between the segments?
A) actionable
B) meaningful
C) stable
D) statistically significant
E) different

Accepted Answer

The requirement of "actionable" means that the marketer can take action with the differences they find in the market segments. This would allow them to focus on various marketing strategies and tactics, such as product design or advertising, that will accentuate the differences between the segments. Therefore, choice A is the best answer.

Question 11

Iams marketing over 20 different types of dog food, Toyota marketing over 20 different types of cars, and Boeing having five different types of commercial jets and a separate business jets division are all examples of:
A) differing markets strategy
B) marketing variation
C) market segmentation
D) market separation
E) contrasting markets

Accepted Answer

The fact that each company is offering multiple options for their product line indicates market segmentation, which is the process of dividing a larger market into smaller groups with similar needs and characteristics. This allows companies to cater specifically to each group's preferences and increase the chances of sales.

Question 12

In order to be potentially useful for a marketing manager, differences must at minimum be:
A) at a ratio of 2 to 1
B) statistically significant
C) new and not part of existing knowledge
D) at a ratio of 10 to 1
E) None of the above; any difference should be important to a manager.

Accepted Answer

Differences must be statistically significant in order to be confidently used by a marketing manager to make decisions. A non-statistically significant difference may be insignificant in the overall picture and could lead to misguided decisions.

Question 13

The t value is used for many tests instead of the z value because:
A) it is easier to calculate and to interpret
B) it is more widely known among statisticians
C) assumptions of the z value are violated if sample size is 30 or less
D) it is available on statistical software packages
E) assumptions of the t value are violated if the sample size is 10 or less

Accepted Answer

The assumptions of the z value are violated if the sample size is 30 or less, and therefore the t value should be used for smaller sample sizes to account for the increased uncertainty in the estimated standard deviation.

Question 14

If we adopt a 95 percent level of confidence, we need a P value, to be significant (i.e., flag is waving)if it is:
A) less than .05
B) less than or equal to .05
C) greater than .05
D) greater than or equal to .05
E) .90 or greater

Accepted Answer

Adopting a 95% level of confidence means that we are willing to accept a 5% chance of making a Type I error (rejecting a true null hypothesis). This means that our significance level (alpha) is 0.05. Therefore, we flag (reject) the null hypothesis if our P value is less than or equal to 0.05.

Question 15

P values are identified by what terms on computer output by statisticians?
A) propositional values and levels of confidence
B) levels of confidence and Pearson coefficients
C) waving flags
D) significance (Sig) and probability (Prob)
E) either .0001 or .0005

Accepted Answer

P values are typically identified by the terms "significance" (Sig) and "probability" (Prob) on computer output by statisticians. Other terms mentioned in the answer choices are not specific to P values.

Question 16

When a researcher is determining if two groups are statistically significant, he or she is considering the two groups as two separate populations. The question is whether or not the two different populations':
A) z scores are the same
B) t scores are the same
C) parameters are different
D) associations are different
E) summarization values are the same

Accepted Answer

When determining statistical significance between two groups, the researcher is comparing the parameters (such as mean or proportion) of the two separate populations. If the parameters are significantly different, then the two groups are considered statistically significant.

Question 17

A winery sees the market in three distinct segments based upon usage of wine; a dog food manufacturer sees the dog food market in 12 segments; Toyota offers 17 different models ranging from a two-seater sports car to the Avalon luxury car. These are all examples illustrating how:
A) Marketers can take advantage of differences between market segments, simply by a conceptual analysis of differences in the marketplace.
B) Marketers should search for all differences between each of their products or services.
C) Marketers could take better advantage of differences between market segments if they had a method of determining insignificant differences in the marketplace.
D) Marketers can take advantages of differences between market segments, and differences analysis can be used to discovery statistically significant, meaningful, and stable differences.
E) There are differences in the market, and by knowing statistical methods that focus on data summarization, marketers can take advantage of these differences.

Accepted Answer

This statement highlights how marketers can take advantage of differences between market segments, and how differences analysis can identify statistically significant and meaningful differences. By understanding these differences, marketers can tailor their marketing strategies to better target specific segments and increase their effectiveness.

Question 18

We have two percentages and we want to know if they are statistically different. We calculate our z and find that it is 4.21. This means:
A) the two percentages are the same
B) the two percentages are not statistically different
C) the two percentages have a 421 percent chance of not being different
D) the two percentage are statistically different
E) the two percentages have a 421 percent chance of being different

Accepted Answer

The answer of We have two percentages and we want...

Question 19

In your text, you learn to test for significant differences between:
A) two percentages or two means
B) two percentages or three percentages
C) two means or three percentages
D) three or more percentages
E) differences between a percentage and a mean

Accepted Answer

The text states that you can test for significant differences between two percentages or two means.

Question 20

To be useful to the marketing researcher or manager, differences must be:
A) meaningful
B) stable
C) actionable
D) statistically significant
E) All of the above are needed.

Accepted Answer

All of these characteristics (meaningful, stable, actionable, and statistically significant) are important for differences to be useful to a marketing researcher or manager. Meaningful differences are those that are relevant to the research question or marketing decision at hand. Stable differences are consistent over time and across different sample groups. Actionable differences are those that can be acted upon or leveraged to make marketing decisions. Statistically significant differences are those that are unlikely to occur by chance and provide evidence for the validity of the research findings or marketing decision.

Quiz 17: Testing for Differences Between Two Groups or Among More Than

Which of the following states that the difference between the population parameters between two groups is zero?

One of the reasons that all statistically significant differences may not be meaningful is that, to a great extent, statistical significance is determined by:

To test whether a true difference exists between two group percentages, we test the ________ hypothesis.

Fortunately, when testing for differences, you will not need to be concerned whether to use the t or z test because:

Which best represents the correct meaning of statistical significance?

The fact that different segments of flu or cold sufferers will consistently seek different medications targeted at their symptoms (sore throat, nasal congestion, cough, etc.) illustrates the use of:

When making a comparison between two groups of respondents to determine whether or not they are statistically different, in concept, the researcher is considering the two groups as two:

A meaningful difference is one that the marketing manager:

P values can take on a range of:

Which of the following requirements of differences means that the marketer can focus various marketing strategies and tactics, such as product design or advertising, on the market segments to accentuate the differences between the segments?

Iams marketing over 20 different types of dog food, Toyota marketing over 20 different types of cars, and Boeing having five different types of commercial jets and a separate business jets division are all examples of:

In order to be potentially useful for a marketing manager, differences must at minimum be:

The t value is used for many tests instead of the z value because:

If we adopt a 95 percent level of confidence, we need a P value, to be significant (i.e., flag is waving) if it is:

P values are identified by what terms on computer output by statisticians?

When a researcher is determining if two groups are statistically significant, he or she is considering the two groups as two separate populations. The question is whether or not the two different populations':

A winery sees the market in three distinct segments based upon usage of wine; a dog food manufacturer sees the dog food market in 12 segments; Toyota offers 17 different models ranging from a two-seater sports car to the Avalon luxury car. These are all examples illustrating how:

We have two percentages and we want to know if they are statistically different. We calculate our z and find that it is 4.21. This means:

In your text, you learn to test for significant differences between:

To be useful to the marketing researcher or manager, differences must be: