Question 1

Which of the following lists the respiratory passageways in order from largest diameter to smallest diameter?

Accepted Answer

The trachea is the largest airway of the lower respiratory system and is composed of a single tube. It splits into two smaller tubes, a left and right bronchi. These bronchi further split into small bronchioles.
You may use the diagram below as a visual reference for the respiratory passageways.
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Question 2

HIV is a virus that destroys the body's defense against diseases by inserting itself into the host's DNA. In which part of the infected host cell will HIV virus be found?

Accepted Answer

HIV infects a host cell by integrating its genetic material with the genetic material of the host cell. Genetic material is located in the nucleus.
Ribosomes are the sites for protein synthesis.
Peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used for forming membranes and as fuel for respiration. They also transfer hydrogen from compounds to oxygen to create hydrogen peroxide and then convert hydrogen peroxide into water.
Lysosomes are organelles that contain digestive enzymes. They digest excess or worn out cell parts, food, and engulfed viruses or bacteria.

Question 3

Which of the following statements correctly describes what genes code for:
1 - More DNA
2 - Lipids and carbohydrates
3 - Proteins and RNA
4 - Proteins and lipids

Accepted Answer

The portion of the genome that codes for a protein or an RNA is referred to as a gene.
Lipids and carbohydrates are created in the cell by enzymes, using raw materials from outside.

Question 4

Which of the following is the correct order of structures from simple to most complex?

Accepted Answer

Neurons are the basic cells that make up the nervous system. Since the mitochondria is an organelle that you would find inside a neuron, it is going to be the simplest structure in the list. Multiple neurons are needed to form nervous tissue, which in turn makes up the brain.
Below is a diagram illustrating the hierarchy of the structure of the human body:
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Mitochondria = cell organelle
Neurons = cells
Nerve tissues = tissues
Brain = organ

Question 5

White blood cells contain many _________ because they need to dispose of harmful intruders such as bacteria and viruses. Which of the following options correctly completes the statement above?

Accepted Answer

White blood cells contain a larger number of lysosomes because they need to dispose of harmful intruders such as bacteria and viruses. Lysosomes are responsible for digesting and removing waste from a cell. This means they can digest bacteria and viruses that are engulfed by white blood cells in order to protect the body.
Mitochondria are the organelles responsible for generating energy-rich molecules for the cell.
The Golgi apparatus collects small molecules and combines them to make more complex molecules within the cell. Then it packages up the complex molecules to either store or to send out of the cell.
Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis. mRNA is translated into proteins by the ribosomes.

Question 6

Isotopes are __________.

Accepted Answer

Isotopes are variants of an element where the number of neutrons are different from a normal atom of that particular element. All isotopes of an element will have the same number of protons (changing the number of protons would change the element), but will have different numbers of neutrons in each isotope. For example, Carbon-14 is an isotope of Carbon. A "normal" carbon atom would have 6 protons and 6 neutrons. Carbon-14 has 6 protons and eight neutrons.

Question 7

Which of these statements is true about pH?

Accepted Answer

Lower pH values indicate a more acidic solution, thus 6 is more acidic than 8. This occurs because acids increase [H+] of a solution, which lowers the pH of a solution. Thus, higher pH values would have a lower [H+].
Blood has a pH between 7.35 and 7.45, so it is slightly basic.
You may use the diagram below as a visual reference for the pH scale.
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Question 8

Which of the following organ systems is correctly paired with its function?

Accepted Answer

The Endocrine system is responsible for regulating homeostasis through hormone signaling.
The Digestive system is responsible for obtaining nutrients through the breakdown and absorption of food.
The Circulatory system is responsible for transport of substance to all tissues of the body.
The Excretory system is primarily responsible for waste elimination.

Question 9

Which of the following correctly describes anatomical position?

Accepted Answer

Anatomical position is described as standing erect, arms at sides, face and palms are facing anteriorly (facing to the front).
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Question 10

In which segment of the nephron is glucose reabsorbed?

Accepted Answer

Glucose, amino acids, and the majority of electrolytes and water are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubules via facilitated diffusion and active transport.

Question 11

Which of the following types of tissues functions in the covering, lining, and protection of surfaces and body cavities?

Accepted Answer

Epithelial tissue functions as the lining and covering of body surfaces and cavities.
Muscle tissue functions in facilitating voluntary and involuntary movements.
Connective tissue is responsible for the support and protection of tissues and organs.
Nerve tissue is responsible for transmitting nerve impulses.

Question 12

Inheritance can be described as which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Genetic inheritance explains how characteristics are passed from one generation to the next. This type of inheritance takes place because of the genetic material that is passed from parents to their offspring via DNA.
A mutation occurs when a section of DNA is changed (copied incorrectly) or damaged in a way that alters the genetic "message" contained in the gene where the DNA was changed or damaged. Mutations can occur naturally, by way of errors in the translation or transcription processes, or due to permanent changes to the physical composition of the DNA in a gene. These permanent changes to DNA are caused by mutagens, which increase the frequency of mutations due to the permanent changes made to the DNA itself (as opposed to an error in the process of copying DNA).
Differentiation is the process of cells becoming specialized during the development of a multicellular organism. This is how a single cell zygote develops into a complex system of tissues and various cell types.
Ecological succession is the process in which an ecological community changes over time. These changes happen as a result of the different organisms living in the ecosystem and their ongoing impact on the community. Ecological succession is often driven by a major event that forms a new, unoccupied habitat (e.g. landslide) or one that disturbs a community (e.g. fire).

Question 13

Which of the following processes correctly describe the formation of new cells in order to replace worn-out and damaged cells during injury?

Accepted Answer

Mitosis and meiosis are two types of cell division. 
Mitosis is a process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells. The major purpose of mitosis is to replace worn-out and damaged cells.
Meiosis is a process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information. The purpose of meiosis is to create sex cells - sperm in males, eggs in females.
Exocytosis is the cellular process of transporting substances out of the cell.
Endocytosis is the cellular process of taking substance into the cell.

Question 14

Human zygotes contain:

Accepted Answer

Human cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes (22 pairs of autosome + 1 pair of sex chromosome), making a total of 46 chromosomes per cell. When the gametes join they form a cell called a zygote. Human sperm and eggs contain 23 chromosomes each, so once they have fused, the zygote contains 46 chromosomes.

Question 15

Which of the following describes cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

An anabolic reaction is a reaction that uses energy to build molecules the organism needs. A catabolic reaction breaks down complex molecules into smaller molecules to create energy for the organism to use.
Oxidation is when an element loses one or more electrons to oxygen. Reduction is when an element gains one or more electrons.
Cellular respiration is the process in which a cell takes in oxygen and uses it to break down glucose to create energy in the form of ATP. In the final stage of cellular respiration (called the electron transport chain), oxygen accepts electrons and picks up protons to form water. So, because elements lose electrons to oxygen and it is a reaction in which energy is created, cellular respiration is both an oxidative and catabolic activity.

Question 16

Osteoblasts are specialized cells that secrete the protein collagen and other substances necessary for bone formation. Which of the following organelles is more likely to be predominant in osteoblasts?

Accepted Answer

Ribosomes are the organelles responsible for protein synthesis, so it is expected to be predominant in protein-secreting cells such as osteoblasts.
Lysosomes are organelles that contain digestive enzymes. They digest excess or worn out cell parts, food, and engulfed viruses or bacteria.
Mitochondria are responsible for ATP production and are considered the powerhouse of the cell.
The nucleus is the "control center" that is responsible for directing the overall activity of the cell. The nucleus contains most of the cell's DNA

Question 17

Which of the following statements is true about protein digestion?

Accepted Answer

The absorption of protein, as well as all other nutrients, occurs primarily in the small intestine.
The large intestine facilitates the absorption of water and some electrolytes, but typically protein has already been absorbed by the time it reaches the large intestine.
Chemical digestion of protein does not begin until protein reaches the stomach where protease enzymes are available.
Mechanical digestion of proteins occurs in the mouth through chewing, while the majority of chemical digestion of proteins occurs in the stomach.

Question 18

Which of the following processes reduces heat loss and warms the body via integumental thermoregulation?

Accepted Answer

Cutaneous vasoconstriction (constriction of blood vessels) reduces heat loss and warms the body.
Cutaneous vasodilation (dilation of the blood vessels) cools the body by allowing heat to be released through skin.
Production of sweat facilitates vasodilation and cooling of the body.
Contraction of arrector pili muscle facilitates vasoconstriction.

Question 19

The respiratory system is composed of organs that facilitate gas exchange between the blood and the external environment. Which of the following describes the group of organs that function during gas exchange?

Accepted Answer

Tissues are a collection of specialized cells that perform a specific functions (e.g. protection, support, nerve conduction and movement).
A group of tissues that has a specialized function is referred to as an organ.
A group of organs that work together to perform several related functions is an organ system.
Below is a model representing the hierarchy of the structure of the human body:
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Question 20

In adaptive immunity, which of the following is responsible for a very rapid response upon subsequent exposure to the same antigen?

Accepted Answer

B-cells, cytotoxic cells, and memory cells are all components of the adaptive immune system. Memory cells are responsible for eliciting a rapid response upon subsequent exposure to the same antigen, B-cells are responsible for production of antibodies, and cytotoxic cells are responsible for attacking and destroying pathogens.
Macrophages are part of the innate immune system and engulf bacteria and cellular debris.

Exam 4: ATI-TEAS-Science