Question 1

Wayne tends to suffer from chronic pessimism,is hypersensitive to rejection,worries obsessively,and is prone to sudden bursts of irrational anger.He is exhibiting the symptoms of ________.

Accepted Answer

Wayne is exhibiting symptoms of depression and anxiety, which have been linked to low levels of serotonin in the brain. Low levels of dopamine have been linked to symptoms of ADHD and lack of motivation, which are not present in Wayne's symptoms. There is no indication of hormonal imbalance or increased norepinephrine levels in the given information.

Question 2

________ levels of testosterone have been observed in dominant males competing with other males for the attention of women,and ________ levels of testosterone have been observed for men entering fatherhood.

Accepted Answer

High levels of testosterone have been observed in dominant males competing with other males for the attention of women, as testosterone can increase assertiveness and aggression. On the other hand, entering fatherhood is associated with lower levels of testosterone, as the focus shifts towards nurturing and caregiving responsibilities.

Question 3

What is the technical name for drugs like Prozac?

Accepted Answer

The technical name for drugs like Prozac is selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). These drugs work by selectively blocking the reuptake of serotonin, allowing more of it to remain in the brain and potentially alleviate symptoms of depression and anxiety.

Question 4

The chemicals that are released from the hypothalamus,the gonads,and the adrenal cortex are called ________,whereas the chemicals released by bioelectrical impulses throughout the brain are called ________.

Accepted Answer

The chemicals released from the hypothalamus, the gonads, and the adrenal cortex are hormones, whereas the chemicals released by bioelectrical impulses throughout the brain are neurotransmitters. Therefore, option B (hormones; neurotransmitters) is the correct answer.

Question 5

Which hormone is associated with the fight-or-flight response?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is the hormone associated with the fight-or-flight response. It is released by the adrenal glands in response to stress, fear, or danger, and prepares the body for physical activity by increasing heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure.

Question 6

According to DeYoung's theory,which neurotransmitter is the foundation of plasticity?

Accepted Answer

According to DeYoung's theory, dopamine is the foundation of plasticity. It is responsible for modulating the brain's ability to change and adapt in response to experience and learning.

Question 7

Shortly after joining the cross-country team,Patrick's friends have noticed that he is irrationally aggressive and erratic.What is a reasonable conclusion Patrick's friends can draw about his behavior?

Accepted Answer

Irrational aggression and erratic behavior can be symptoms of steroid use, especially in the context of a physical activity such as cross-country running. The other options (SSRI use, catharsis therapy, puberty) do not necessarily explain these particular behavioral changes.

Question 8

The term ________ refers to the body's natural painkillers,which are chemicals that act in an ________ fashion.

Accepted Answer

The term "endorphins" refers to the body's natural painkillers, which act in an inhibitory fashion to reduce the perception of pain. Monoamine oxidase and serotonin are not painkillers, and dopamine is not typically considered a painkiller but rather a neurotransmitter involved in motivation and reward.

Question 9

During the prehistoric era of human development,women were most likely to calm everyone down and band people together when faced with a threat.According to S.E.Taylor,what hormone is associated with this response?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin is a hormone associated with social bonding, trust, and interpersonal connection. It has been shown to increase during positive social interactions, such as hugging and breastfeeding, and is also released during stress to promote calming behaviors and social support. Therefore, it is likely that women in the prehistoric era utilized oxytocin to help calm and band people together during threatening situations.

Question 10

Thomas is known to be the life of every party.He most likely has high levels of which hormone?

Accepted Answer

Testosterone is known to play a role in social behavior and dominance, which can lead to characteristics like confident and outgoing personalities. This could explain why Thomas is the life of every party. The other hormones listed (dopamine, oxytocin, and serotonin) are important for various aspects of social behavior, but may not have as direct an influence on being the life of the party.

Question 11

Brad has had substantially more sex partners and has demonstrated more excessive behavior than Todd.We can safely assume that Brad has ________ relative to Todd.

Accepted Answer

High levels of testosterone are associated with increased sexual desire and behavior, as well as impulsivity and risk-taking. This could explain Brad's higher number of sex partners and excessive behavior compared to Todd. The other options (failure in dopamine reuptake, synaptic decay, and an estrogen imbalance) are not as directly related to sexual behavior and impulsivity.

Question 12

According to the text,the chemicals that make up neurotransmitters are also important in determining the neurotransmitters' specific behavioral expression.An example of this is ________.

Accepted Answer

The text states that the chemicals that make up neurotransmitters are important in determining their specific behavioral expression, and gives the example of monoamine oxidase's breakdown of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin.

Question 13

The neurotransmitter dopamine is associated with systems that ________.

Accepted Answer

Dopamine is commonly associated with the brain's reward system, and is involved in motivation, attention, movement, and the experience of pleasure. It is known to play a role in addiction, as drugs of abuse such as cocaine and amphetamines increase dopamine release, leading to feelings of euphoria and reinforcing drug-taking behavior.

Question 14

What brain structure in conjunction with dopamine works to form the Go system in Gray's model?

Accepted Answer

The nucleus accumbens, in conjunction with dopamine, forms the Go system in Gray's model, which is associated with the reward system and motivation.

Question 15

What is the best description of the role that testosterone plays in personality?

Accepted Answer

Testosterone is often associated with increased assertiveness, competitiveness, and dominance. It acts as an energizing factor that can accentuate existing behavioral tendencies. However, it is important to note that personality is a complex interaction between biology and environment, and the effects of testosterone on personality can vary depending on individual differences and contextual factors.

Question 16

In one study,male U.S.military veterans were asked about their past behaviors,and those with higher testosterone levels more often reported having assaulted others.This is evidence for testosterone's association with ________.

Accepted Answer

The study found that higher testosterone levels were associated with a greater likelihood of having assaulted others, indicating a link between testosterone and aggressive behavior.

Question 17

What term describes the junction between two neurons?

Accepted Answer

The junction between two neurons is called a synapse. A synapse is a small gap separating neuron terminals and dendrites that allow for the transmission of electrical or chemical signals between neurons.

Question 18

According to DeYoung's theory,which neurotransmitter is the foundation of stability?

Accepted Answer

DeYoung's theory states that serotonin is the foundation of stability, as it is associated with inhibiting impulsive behavior, regulating mood, and promoting emotional regulation.

Question 19

According to research by modern health psychologists,the choleric,or chronically hostile,person seems to be at extra risk for ________.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that individuals with chronic hostility are at an increased risk of developing heart disease or experiencing a heart attack. Hostility has been shown to contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease through various mechanisms, such as increased inflammation and reduced immunity. Therefore, choice A is the best option.

Question 20

According to Jeffrey Gray's theory,dopamine is associated with the ________ system,which he argues produces and reinforces the motivation to ________.

Accepted Answer

Jeffrey Gray's theory identifies dopamine as being associated with the behavioral activation system, which is responsible for motivating individuals to seek rewards. This is in contrast to the ascending reticular activating system, which is associated with arousal and wakefulness, and is not directly linked to motivation for seeking rewards or interpersonal contact.

Quiz 8: The Anatomy and Physiology of Personality