Passage
Numerous studies suggest that physicians make both conscious and unconscious assumptions about their patients, and these assumptions often impact patient care and outcomes. However, little research has focused on the assumptions patients make about their physicians.Researchers designed an observational study to investigate assumptions made by patients in health care settings. For this study, three different surgeons were asked to interact with pre-surgery patients whom they had never met using a standardized script. Each surgeon participated in 30 total interactions over the course of two weeks. The purpose of the study was to assess how the patient's assumptions regarding the surgeon's status were impacted by the surgeon's race, gender, and attire.According to the script, the surgeon did not introduce him- or herself upon entering the room. All three surgeons were in their late 40s; one surgeon was a black woman, one was a black man, and one was a white man. The surgeons wore either surgical scrubs alone or a white coat over their surgical scrubs. Researchers analyzed how patients addressed or referred to the surgeon to assess assumptions about the surgeon's role as a doctor or a nurse. The results are presented in Table 1.Table 1 Percentage of Patients Who Assumed the Surgeon Was a Doctor or a Nurse
The researchers also retrospectively analyzed minor (non-life-threatening) surgical errors and postoperative patient outcomes for one month prior to the study and during the study timeframe for each surgeon. The number of minor errors was averaged per surgery, and postoperative patient outcomes were quantified using a multifactor (eg, pain, infection, bleeding, other complications) assessment scale of 1 (worst outcome) to 12 (best outcome) .Table 2 Average Number of Minor Surgical Errors (Per Surgery) and Aggregated Postoperative Patient Outcome Scores

-For the 48-year-old black female surgeon, which of the following are correctly paired?

Question

Passage
Numerous studies suggest that physicians make both conscious and unconscious assumptions about their patients, and these assumptions often impact patient care and outcomes. However, little research has focused on the assumptions patients make about their physicians.Researchers designed an observational study to investigate assumptions made by patients in health care settings. For this study, three different surgeons were asked to interact with pre-surgery patients whom they had never met using a standardized script. Each surgeon participated in 30 total interactions over the course of two weeks. The purpose of the study was to assess how the patient's assumptions regarding the surgeon's status were impacted by the surgeon's race, gender, and attire.According to the script, the surgeon did not introduce him- or herself upon entering the room. All three surgeons were in their late 40s; one surgeon was a black woman, one was a black man, and one was a white man. The surgeons wore either surgical scrubs alone or a white coat over their surgical scrubs. Researchers analyzed how patients addressed or referred to the surgeon to assess assumptions about the surgeon's role as a doctor or a nurse. The results are presented in Table 1.Table 1 Percentage of Patients Who Assumed the Surgeon Was a Doctor or a Nurse

The researchers also retrospectively analyzed minor (non-life-threatening) surgical errors and postoperative patient outcomes for one month prior to the study and during the study timeframe for each surgeon. The number of minor errors was averaged per surgery, and postoperative patient outcomes were quantified using a multifactor (eg, pain, infection, bleeding, other complications) assessment scale of 1 (worst outcome) to 12 (best outcome) .Table 2 Average Number of Minor Surgical Errors (Per Surgery) and Aggregated Postoperative Patient Outcome Scores

-For the 48-year-old black female surgeon, which of the following are correctly paired?

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

11ecba2d_0c32_e740_a3bf_0bccf103f959_MD0008_00 In sociology, status refers to the position or place an individual holds in society. Individuals hold multiple statuses at any given time and assume the role (norms, values, expected behaviors) associated with each status. The two types of status are ascribed and achieved. An ascribed status is an involuntary social position assigned by society that is typically based on a social construct such as age, gender, or race/ethnicity (Choice D). An individual has little control over ascribed statuses. Alternately, an achieved status is one that is earned through merit. Achieved statuses are voluntary and reflect work, skill, and ability. Examples of achieved statuses include academic degrees, occupations, and activities in which a person voluntarily participates such as serving one's community or participating in a sports league (Choice A). (Choice C) Although the patients in the study may have assumed that the female surgeon was a nurse, she was not actually a nurse (ie, "nurse" is not a status associated with the surgeon at all). Occupations are considered achieved statuses. Educational objective: Social status is either an assigned (ascribed status) or a voluntarily earned (achieved status) place in society. Roles are the expected behaviors, norms, and values associated with a status.

Passage Numerous Studies Suggest That Physicians Make Both Conscious and Unconscious