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Visual perception involves the organization and interpretation of information obtained from visible light. Visual perception relies on monocular and binocular cues, as well as perceptual organization principles that allow humans to interpret limited or partial information more holistically. These sorts of mental shortcuts are based on prior experiences and knowledge, and are especially useful when lighting or perspective is limited. For example, the ambiguous image in Figure 1 is often perceived as a cup.
Figure 1 Ambiguous imagePerceptual organization principles allow our brains to quickly and efficiently make assumptions about visual inputs, but these principles can also give rise to perceptual illusions. For example, the Ames room is constructed to exploit monocular depth cues in such a way that the person standing on one side of the room appears to impossibly dwarf the person on the other side of the room (Figure 2) .
Figure 2 Ames room illusion (two people standing in a specially constructed Ames room, viewed through a monocular peephole) Human senses were adapted for use on land, which can lead to potentially deadly perceptual distortions while flying or underwater diving. Pilots are prone to such perceptual distortions when landing on unfamiliar runways. During their training, pilots develop a mental image of how a typical runway appears as they descend and land. Later, they compare this prototypical shape to the runway they see before them to make adjustments in the slope of their descent. However, if a runway differs from what the pilot is used to (eg, in width or slope) , it will differ from the pilot's mental image for a typical runway at that same altitude. For example, an unusually wide runway will appear to be closer than it actually is, and a narrow runway will seem to be further away. This can cause the pilot to approach at a dangerously steep or shallow slope.Pilots and divers can also suffer from spatial disorientation due to variations in sensory stimuli that are not typically encountered on land. For example, gravity is not experienced in the body the same way underwater as on land, and visual cues are often limited in deep dives. In these murky conditions, divers can easily lose track of the surface of the water, leading to extreme spatial disorientation and panic.
- If you fixate on the black plus sign in the middle of this image without moving your eyes, the grey circle around the plus sign eventually disappears. Known as the Troxler effect, this occurs because of:

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Visual perception involves the organization and interpretation of information obtained from visible light. Visual perception relies on monocular and binocular cues, as well as perceptual organization principles that allow humans to interpret limited or partial information more holistically. These sorts of mental shortcuts are based on prior experiences and knowledge, and are especially useful when lighting or perspective is limited. For example, the ambiguous image in Figure 1 is often perceived as a cup.

Figure 1 Ambiguous imagePerceptual organization principles allow our brains to quickly and efficiently make assumptions about visual inputs, but these principles can also give rise to perceptual illusions. For example, the Ames room is constructed to exploit monocular depth cues in such a way that the person standing on one side of the room appears to impossibly dwarf the person on the other side of the room (Figure 2) .

Figure 2 Ames room illusion (two people standing in a specially constructed Ames room, viewed through a monocular peephole) Human senses were adapted for use on land, which can lead to potentially deadly perceptual distortions while flying or underwater diving. Pilots are prone to such perceptual distortions when landing on unfamiliar runways. During their training, pilots develop a mental image of how a typical runway appears as they descend and land. Later, they compare this prototypical shape to the runway they see before them to make adjustments in the slope of their descent. However, if a runway differs from what the pilot is used to (eg, in width or slope) , it will differ from the pilot's mental image for a typical runway at that same altitude. For example, an unusually wide runway will appear to be closer than it actually is, and a narrow runway will seem to be further away. This can cause the pilot to approach at a dangerously steep or shallow slope.Pilots and divers can also suffer from spatial disorientation due to variations in sensory stimuli that are not typically encountered on land. For example, gravity is not experienced in the body the same way underwater as on land, and visual cues are often limited in deep dives. In these murky conditions, divers can easily lose track of the surface of the water, leading to extreme spatial disorientation and panic.
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If you fixate on the black plus sign in the middle of this image without moving your eyes, the grey circle around the plus sign eventually disappears. Known as the Troxler effect, this occurs because of:

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

11ecba2d_0c7e_6f77_a3bf_05ea9ba39503_MD0008_00 Sensory adaptation is a diminished response by the nervous system when presented with an unchanging stimulus over a period of time. Decreased nervous system responsiveness results in the diminished perception of that stimulus. In the above example, fixation on the plus sign results in an unchanging peripheral visual stimulus, which results in a diminished response by the optic nerve, and the circle seems to disappear. Even slight movement of the eye away from the fixation point will alter the stimulation of these nerves, thereby increasing their responsiveness to the changing stimulus and causing the circle to reappear. Sensory adaptation can occur with any sensory system. For example, when one first walks into a kitchen where cookies are baking, the scent seems strong, but it fades as one continues to be exposed to it. Sensory adaptation also includes dark adaptation and light adaptation, or adaptation of vision with reduced and increased light levels, respectively. (Choice A) Opponent-process theory states that color vision occurs because of the opposing responses of three sensory receptor complexes (red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white). (Choice B) Interposition is a monocular depth cue that refers to one object partially blocking another (the fully visible object is perceived as being closer). (Choice D) The blind spot is a small region between the central and peripheral visual fields where there are no photoreceptors because the optic nerve exits the retina at this location. The gradual disappearance of a visual stimulus, as occurs with the Troxler effect, cannot be explained by the blind spot. Educational objective: Sensory adaptation occurs when the neural response to an unchanging stimulus is dampened and the perception of that stimulus either disappears or is diminished. Sensory adaptation can occur with vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch.

Passage Visual Perception Involves the Organization and Interpretation of Information Obtained