Passage
Jake and his classmate Michael both grew up in a high-crime public housing project in a poverty-stricken neighborhood in a large urban area. Both children lived in single-parent households and had almost no relationship with their fathers. They performed poorly in school and frequently got in trouble with authority figures. Neither completed high school and both had been arrested by the time they turned 18.At this point their trajectories begin to diverge. By age 27, Jake had been in and out of prison three times, had fathered four children by four different women, and was abusing drugs and alcohol daily. On the other hand, Michael had earned a general equivalency diploma, was a general manager at a factory, was married with a biological son and adopted daughter, and owned a home in the suburbs.Jake and Michael both participated in a study about resilience-the ability to prevail in the face of threats to adequate psychosocial development. This study recruited 81 adult men who as children had lived in the same public housing project between 1976 and 1980. The investigators categorized participants into one of two groups based on their adult outcomes-low resilience and high resilience. All the men reported family difficulties while growing up in crime and poverty. The low-resilience men (n = 69) were significantly more likely to report drug and alcohol use and current or prior imprisonment, whereas the high-resilience men (n = 12) were all employed, and most were married homeowners.The study's primary finding was that high-resilience men received more social support outside their immediate families while growing up than did low-resilience men. Results also suggested that high-resilience men tended to have calmer, more optimistic dispositions, whereas low-resilience men were more anxious, disagreeable, and pessimistic.
-Based on the stories of Jake and Michael, the investigators might conclude that resilience is:

Question

Passage
Jake and his classmate Michael both grew up in a high-crime public housing project in a poverty-stricken neighborhood in a large urban area.  Both children lived in single-parent households and had almost no relationship with their fathers.  They performed poorly in school and frequently got in trouble with authority figures.  Neither completed high school and both had been arrested by the time they turned 18.At this point their trajectories begin to diverge.  By age 27, Jake had been in and out of prison three times, had fathered four children by four different women, and was abusing drugs and alcohol daily.  On the other hand, Michael had earned a general equivalency diploma, was a general manager at a factory, was married with a biological son and adopted daughter, and owned a home in the suburbs.Jake and Michael both participated in a study about resilience-the ability to prevail in the face of threats to adequate psychosocial development.  This study recruited 81 adult men who as children had lived in the same public housing project between 1976 and 1980.  The investigators categorized participants into one of two groups based on their adult outcomes-low resilience and high resilience.  All the men reported family difficulties while growing up in crime and poverty.  The low-resilience men (n = 69) were significantly more likely to report drug and alcohol use and current or prior imprisonment, whereas the high-resilience men (n = 12) were all employed, and most were married homeowners.The study's primary finding was that high-resilience men received more social support outside their immediate families while growing up than did low-resilience men.  Results also suggested that high-resilience men tended to have calmer, more optimistic dispositions, whereas low-resilience men were more anxious, disagreeable, and pessimistic.
-Based on the stories of Jake and Michael, the investigators might conclude that resilience is:

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

11ecba2d_0cca_45cb_a3bf_c5f6c5d67b99_MD0008_00 Sociologists conceptualize society as being stratified, or comprised of hierarchical categories known as social classes. The three major social classes are the upper class, middle class, and lower class. Several factors contribute to a person's social class, including the social class of one's parents, educational attainment, and income/occupation. Social class impacts life outcomes: upper classes have the most privilege (eg, access to the best schools, health care, jobs) and power (ability to influence or control others). The investigators would most likely conclude that resilience is positively correlated with social class in adulthood because despite similar circumstances, Michael (high resilience) advanced to a middle-class lifestyle whereas Jake (low resilience) remained in the lower class. When variables are positively correlated, increases in one variable (resilience) are associated with increases in the other (social class). (Choice B) Social reproduction refers to the fact that successive generations tend to occupy the same social class. In other words, children born into lower-class families tend to remain lower class as adults. Michael's trajectory defies social reproduction as he advanced his social class. Therefore, social reproduction appears to be negatively correlated with resilience (as resilience increases, social reproduction is less likely). (Choice C) Social privilege is a theory that certain advantages are available only to certain people in society. For example, higher education is considered a social privilege for middle- and upper-class children. Jake and Michael grew up with similar underprivileged childhoods but demonstrated very different outcomes, so it is not possible to determine whether social privilege is correlated with resilience. (Choice D) Social stratification is the categorization of people within a society into hierarchical social classes. Michael advances social strata (level in the hierarchy) while Jake does not. Therefore, social stratum in adulthood appears to be positively correlated with resilience (as resilience increases, people advance in social strata). Educational objective: There are three generally recognized social classes (categories of people based on wealth, occupation, and status) in the United States-the upper, middle, and lower classes. Those in the upper class tend to have the most power and prestige in society. This hierarchical categorization is known as social stratification.

Passage Jake and His Classmate Michael Both Grew Up in a a High-Crime