Passage
During the 1800s, the United States (U.S.) transitioned from a farming society to an industrialized society, which resulted in occupations becoming more specialized and socially labeled as "masculine" or "feminine." Today, the U.S. is experiencing an equally dramatic transition into what is referred to as a knowledge economy, marked by a decline in manufacturing and manual labor occupations, often referred to as "blue-collar" professions (which are dominated by males) , and a rise in information, technology, and service sector jobs. Sociologists argue that this has led to shifting roles and expectations for both males and females in the U.S. workforce.As demand for blue-collar occupations has declined in recent decades, demand for "pink-collar" (feminine-typed) occupations has increased, particularly in health care (eg, registered nurses, health aides) , but males appear to avoid pink-collar occupations for various reasons. Research indicates that socially defined gender roles may dissuade males from even considering pink-collar professions due to a perception that one's job will conflict with one's male status. Male students-in-training for pink-collar professions (eg, nursing) have a higher rate of attrition than their female classmates, which may be partly due to the unintended messages conveyed by the informal curriculum: that male students do not belong in these professions (eg, a lack of male role models, female-only images in textbooks) . Of the males who enter pink-collar professions, many find that they are more quickly promoted into managerial roles (believed to be more appropriately masculine) than their equally qualified female counterparts, a phenomenon known as the glass escalator.Data show that females continue to be underrepresented in many high-paying fields, which are predominantly masculine-typed industries such as aeronautics, engineering, medical surgery, business (executive-level) , and computer science/technology. Data also show that within all job categories, even those considered feminine-typed, females are still paid less than their male peers, a phenomenon sociologists call the gender pay (or wage) gap (Figure 1) . The gender pay gap persists even when differences in hours worked, job choice, education, and other qualifications are taken into account. Research suggests that mothers earn less than men and women who are not mothers, a phenomenon termed the "motherhood penalty" by sociologists.
Figure 1 Gender pay gap by age
P. F. Drucker ©1994 The Atlantic Monthly; B. R. MacWilliams, B. Schmidt, and M. R. Bleich ©2013 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.
-According to the first paragraph of the passage, industrialization resulted in which of the following sociological processes?

Question

Passage
During the 1800s, the United States (U.S.) transitioned from a farming society to an industrialized society, which resulted in occupations becoming more specialized and socially labeled as "masculine" or "feminine." Today, the U.S. is experiencing an equally dramatic transition into what is referred to as a knowledge economy, marked by a decline in manufacturing and manual labor occupations, often referred to as "blue-collar" professions (which are dominated by males) , and a rise in information, technology, and service sector jobs. Sociologists argue that this has led to shifting roles and expectations for both males and females in the U.S. workforce.As demand for blue-collar occupations has declined in recent decades, demand for "pink-collar" (feminine-typed) occupations has increased, particularly in health care (eg, registered nurses, health aides) , but males appear to avoid pink-collar occupations for various reasons. Research indicates that socially defined gender roles may dissuade males from even considering pink-collar professions due to a perception that one's job will conflict with one's male status. Male students-in-training for pink-collar professions (eg, nursing) have a higher rate of attrition than their female classmates, which may be partly due to the unintended messages conveyed by the informal curriculum: that male students do not belong in these professions (eg, a lack of male role models, female-only images in textbooks) . Of the males who enter pink-collar professions, many find that they are more quickly promoted into managerial roles (believed to be more appropriately masculine) than their equally qualified female counterparts, a phenomenon known as the glass escalator.Data show that females continue to be underrepresented in many high-paying fields, which are predominantly masculine-typed industries such as aeronautics, engineering, medical surgery, business (executive-level) , and computer science/technology. Data also show that within all job categories, even those considered feminine-typed, females are still paid less than their male peers, a phenomenon sociologists call the gender pay (or wage) gap (Figure 1) . The gender pay gap persists even when differences in hours worked, job choice, education, and other qualifications are taken into account. Research suggests that mothers earn less than men and women who are not mothers, a phenomenon termed the "motherhood penalty" by sociologists.

Figure 1 Gender pay gap by age
P. F. Drucker ©1994 The Atlantic Monthly; B. R. MacWilliams, B. Schmidt, and M. R. Bleich ©2013 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.
-According to the first paragraph of the passage, industrialization resulted in which of the following sociological processes?

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

11ecba2d_0d68_0be9_a3bf_01fb706c7586_MD0008_00 Division of labor refers to the specialization of tasks in society that are interdependent. In agrarian societies, nearly everyone engaged in the same form of labor (eg, farming) and produced what they needed for survival (eg, tools). In industrialized societies, tasks became more specialized and divided: one person farms, another makes tools in a factory, and everyone purchases or trades for what they need and did not produce. Division of labor has both advantages and disadvantages. When labor is divided among multiple individuals who each perform one task (rather than one individual performing all of the tasks) to accomplish the end product, each individual can specialize, which increases efficiency and quantity while reducing costs. However, this also can result in the exploitation of labor, reduced quality, and workers becoming bored with monotonous tasks. According to the first paragraph, industrialization resulted in increased occupational specialization (an increase in the division of labor). (Choice A) The McDonaldization of society describes when social structures (eg, health care, education) increase efficiency, quantity, standardization, and automation at the expense of individuality, quality, and a skilled workforce. Although the McDonaldization of society has its roots in industrialization, this is not described in the passage. (Choice B) The Malthusian theory of population growth suggests that human populations increase exponentially but the resources needed to sustain those populations (eg, food) increase much more slowly, resulting in preventive checks that voluntarily decrease the birth rate and positive checks that involuntarily increase the death rate in society. Malthusian population growth is not described in the passage. (Choice C) Industrialization led to an increase, not a decrease, in bureaucracies, which involve divisions in labor and are hierarchically organized and impersonal social structures. Educational objective: The division of labor refers to the specialization of employment into interdependent jobs. The division of labor has positive consequences (eg, increased specialization, efficiency, reduced costs) and negative consequences (eg, labor exploitation, increased boredom, reduced quality).

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