Passage
On the way home from a routine visit to the pediatrician, Sarah stops with her infant son at the local convenience store. As she is waiting in line, a man squeezes in closely behind them and sneezes. As Sarah walks home, she finds that her heart is racing, she feels nauseous, and she is terrified that her child will become severely ill.Soon after, she becomes obsessed with disease and contamination. She begins to take extensive measures to "decontaminate" herself and her home, including washing her hands dozens of times daily. These cleaning rituals have the immediate effect of lessening Sarah's anxiety, so she soon spends most of her day performing them. She seeks treatment from a therapist, who instructs her to gradually expose herself to "contamination" but refrain from her cleaning rituals. The therapist also teaches Sarah how to recognize and modify her maladaptive thoughts about illness prevention. Within several weeks, Sarah finds that she can manage her thoughts about disease and contamination without resorting to ritualistic cleaning.A researcher hypothesized that individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), such as Sarah, would show a more generalized fear response to safe stimuli compared to controls. Generalized conditioned fear responses occur when individuals react with fear to stimuli that resemble the original conditioned stimulus (eg, someone injured in an accident with a red truck fears all red vehicles). The researcher conditioned 100 individuals (50 with OCD and 50 controls) to associate a shock with a visual stimulus. In phase 1, participants viewed a computer screen that alternated between images of a small ring (1 cm) and a large ring (20 cm). The small ring and large ring were displayed for 1 second each, with a blank screen in between for 5 seconds. A mild electric shock was paired with the large ring, and no shock was paired with the small ring. This was repeated for 10 trials. In phase 2, shocks were discontinued, and three intermediate-sized rings were added to the series and presented in increasing size (ie, 1 cm, 5 cm, 10 cm, 15 cm, 20 cm) while the participants' startle response to each ring was measured. This was repeated for 10 trials.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3932061/
-A conditioned fear response during phase 2 occurs as a result of which type of memory?

Question

Passage
On the way home from a routine visit to the pediatrician, Sarah stops with her infant son at the local convenience store.  As she is waiting in line, a man squeezes in closely behind them and sneezes.  As Sarah walks home, she finds that her heart is racing, she feels nauseous, and she is terrified that her child will become severely ill.Soon after, she becomes obsessed with disease and contamination.  She begins to take extensive measures to "decontaminate" herself and her home, including washing her hands dozens of times daily.  These cleaning rituals have the immediate effect of lessening Sarah's anxiety, so she soon spends most of her day performing them.  She seeks treatment from a therapist, who instructs her to gradually expose herself to "contamination" but refrain from her cleaning rituals.  The therapist also teaches Sarah how to recognize and modify her maladaptive thoughts about illness prevention.  Within several weeks, Sarah finds that she can manage her thoughts about disease and contamination without resorting to ritualistic cleaning.A researcher hypothesized that individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), such as Sarah, would show a more generalized fear response to safe stimuli compared to controls.  Generalized conditioned fear responses occur when individuals react with fear to stimuli that resemble the original conditioned stimulus (eg, someone injured in an accident with a red truck fears all red vehicles).  The researcher conditioned 100 individuals (50 with OCD and 50 controls) to associate a shock with a visual stimulus.  In phase 1, participants viewed a computer screen that alternated between images of a small ring (1 cm) and a large ring (20 cm).  The small ring and large ring were displayed for 1 second each, with a blank screen in between for 5 seconds.  A mild electric shock was paired with the large ring, and no shock was paired with the small ring.  This was repeated for 10 trials.  In phase 2, shocks were discontinued, and three intermediate-sized rings were added to the series and presented in increasing size (ie, 1 cm, 5 cm, 10 cm, 15 cm, 20 cm) while the participants' startle response to each ring was measured.  This was repeated for 10 trials.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3932061/
-A conditioned fear response during phase 2 occurs as a result of which type of memory?

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

11ecba2d_0d8b_c0b4_a3bf_bdb051a8984c_MD0008_00 Research suggests that humans have two long-term memory systems, referred to as implicit and explicit. Implicit/nondeclarative memory is memory for things that cannot be consciously recalled, such as skills, tasks, emotions, and reflexes. Examples of implicit memory include: Procedural memory, which is memory for motor skills (eg, riding a bicycle) (Choice B). Emotional/reflexive memory, which is memory for associations between stimuli (eg, salty ocean air triggers pleasant emotions from childhood beach vacations). Classically conditioned fear responses are emotional, outside of conscious recall (ie, automatic/involuntary), and often elicit reflexive responses (eg, startle reflex). Therefore, the conditioned fear response during phase 2 occurs as a result of implicit memory. (Choices C and D) Explicit/declarative memory is memory for facts and events that can be consciously or intentionally recalled. Explicit memory consists of episodic memory, which is memory for personal experiences (eg, what you ate for dinner last night), and semantic memory, which includes knowledge about facts (eg, apples are a type of fruit). Educational objective: Implicit/nondeclarative memory is memory for things that cannot be consciously recalled, such as skills, tasks, emotions, and reflexes. Classically conditioned responses rely on implicit memory.

Passage on the Way Home from a Routine Visit to the the Pediatrician