Passage Tumor Hypoxia Is a Marker of Resistance to Chemotherapy and and Radiation

Passage
Tumor hypoxia is a marker of resistance to chemotherapy and radiation.  The low oxygen saturation in solid tumors activates hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) , which stimulate the expression of genes required for angiogenesis, erythropoiesis, and glucose utilization.  Under normal conditions, HIF-DNA binding is interrupted by HIF-prolyl hydroxylases (HIF-PHDs) , enzymes that hydroxylate aliphatic residues such as leucine or proline on HIFs.  These hydroxylated residues serve as markers for the ubiquitin-proteasome system.  Researchers have proposed that changes in oxygen-dependent pathways such as the citric acid cycle can regulate HIF-PHD activity.Experiment 1A kinematic study was conducted to test the effect of citric acid cycle intermediates on HIF-PHDs.  Fumarate and succinate were examined with purified HIF-PHD against increasing concentrations of 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) , an HIF analog.
Figure 1  Activity of HIF-PHD exposed to succinate and fumarate in vitro based on 2-OG catalysisExperiment 2Researchers measured HIF-1a, a HIF subunit, using western blot analysis in wild-type (FH⁺) and fumarate-deficient (FH⁻) cells that were treated with fumarate under normoxic and hypoxic conditions (Figure 2) .
Figure 2  HIF-1a in FH⁺ and FH⁻ cells grown in vitro under normoxic (N) and hypoxic (H) conditions
Adapted from Koivunen P, Hirsilä M, Remes AM, Hassinen IE, Kivirikko KI, Myllyharju J. Inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) hydroxylases by citric acid cycle intermediates: possible links between cell metabolism and stabilization of HIF. J Biol Chem. 2007;282(7) :4524-32.
-Based on the passage, culturing wild-type and FH⁻ cells in atmospheric oxygen conditions will lead to:

A) overexpression of the HIF-1α protein subunit.
B) reduction in activity of the HIF-PHDs.
C) increased hydroxylation and ubiquitination of HIF-1α.
D) decreased proteasomal activity.