Passage
Christ Church, a colonial-era Anglican church near Weems, Virginia, is far from a typical house of worship. Completed in 1735, the building has been conjectured by some to be based on a prototype by the renowned English architect Christopher Wren-indeed, it bears a more than canny resemblance to Farley Church in Wiltshire, England, which Wren designed back in the 1660s. Christ Church was originally an unassuming wooden construct commissioned in 1665 by John Carter, a wealthy Virginia tobacco planter who sailed from his native England to American shores in 1635. In 1730, his son Robert-who had by then become one of the wealthiest and most influential figures in the region-was determined to replace the wooden structure with a brick one. He died in 1732, leaving three male offspring to oversee the completion of what experts would later hail as "the most finely crafted Anglican parish church in all of colonial Virginia." Historical websites laud the church as "an extraordinary example of eighteenth-century architecture, featuring meticulous brickwork, vaulted ceilings, and gorgeous compass-headed windows." Notably, it also contains a triple-decker pulpit-a rare but distinctive feature of its era. In recent decades, however, Christ Church has become an object of interest more for what it conceals than for what it reveals.The remarkable intricacies of this church's architecture point to its dual nature as not just a religious sanctuary, but as a veritable temple to the Enlightenment, a kind of shrine to rationality. Beneath its surface, Christ Church represents an architectural feat of mathematical precision in harmony with nature's laws. In fact, horologist H. Stephen Stewart has characterized it as "a building of numbers"-specifically, calendric, solar, and lunar numbers. As Stewart explains, two weeks after the vernal equinox, on the mean date for Easter, a sunbeam shines through the oval window above the main entrance that faces due west and rests upon the altar; this phenomenon repeats itself two weeks prior to the autumnal equinox. Additionally, a shadow cast from a cornice of the church tracks the progression from spring to fall as it moves vertically along the church's outer west wall at the pace of a single row of bricks per day. Moreover, for eight hours each day, the building serves as a sundial, casting its shadow on its north lawn. This seemingly multifunctional edifice has been aptly pronounced "a time machine" by Stewart.The church's locale and physical orientation are critical; not just any site could have offered the perfect astronomical alignment. Yet, as journalist Joy Aschenbach describes, "The Church's location was a rather lonely one, with woods all around, few or no houses near, and no good roads." Its geographical remoteness and splendid isolation are reminiscent of another unusual sanctuary, the fifth-century BCE Temple to Apollo, the god of the sun and rationality, at Bassae in Greece. As with the church, the temple's structure has been attributed to a famous architect, Iktynos, designer of the Athenian Parthenon. Thrust deep into the countryside, it sits atop Kotylion Mountain, holding dominion over a desolate landscape through which, until the last century, no truly passable road led. Thus, virtually inaccessible, the imposing sanctuary stood long forgotten. In contemporary times it has been under restoration and studied for how, positioned north to south rather than east to west, it tracks the annual phases of the sun. Likewise, Christ Church has resurged from encroaching dilapidation to bask in "lonely majesty" even as scientists figure the calculus of its blueprint.Clearly neither of these structures acquired its characteristics through happenstance. The spaces created are at once pragmatic and sacred, their purposes overtly divine even while their designs honor nature and extol reason.
-The description of Putnam's thought experiments would suggest which of the following about Twin Earth?

Question

Passage
Christ Church, a colonial-era Anglican church near Weems, Virginia, is far from a typical house of worship.  Completed in 1735, the building has been conjectured by some to be based on a prototype by the renowned English architect Christopher Wren-indeed, it bears a more than canny resemblance to Farley Church in Wiltshire, England, which Wren designed back in the 1660s.  Christ Church was originally an unassuming wooden construct commissioned in 1665 by John Carter, a wealthy Virginia tobacco planter who sailed from his native England to American shores in 1635.  In 1730, his son Robert-who had by then become one of the wealthiest and most influential figures in the region-was determined to replace the wooden structure with a brick one.  He died in 1732, leaving three male offspring to oversee the completion of what experts would later hail as "the most finely crafted Anglican parish church in all of colonial Virginia."  Historical websites laud the church as "an extraordinary example of eighteenth-century architecture, featuring meticulous brickwork, vaulted ceilings, and gorgeous compass-headed windows."  Notably, it also contains a triple-decker pulpit-a rare but distinctive feature of its era.  In recent decades, however, Christ Church has become an object of interest more for what it conceals than for what it reveals.The remarkable intricacies of this church's architecture point to its dual nature as not just a religious sanctuary, but as a veritable temple to the Enlightenment, a kind of shrine to rationality.  Beneath its surface, Christ Church represents an architectural feat of mathematical precision in harmony with nature's laws.  In fact, horologist H. Stephen Stewart has characterized it as "a building of numbers"-specifically, calendric, solar, and lunar numbers.  As Stewart explains, two weeks after the vernal equinox, on the mean date for Easter, a sunbeam shines through the oval window above the main entrance that faces due west and rests upon the altar; this phenomenon repeats itself two weeks prior to the autumnal equinox.  Additionally, a shadow cast from a cornice of the church tracks the progression from spring to fall as it moves vertically along the church's outer west wall at the pace of a single row of bricks per day.  Moreover, for eight hours each day, the building serves as a sundial, casting its shadow on its north lawn.  This seemingly multifunctional edifice has been aptly pronounced "a time machine" by Stewart.The church's locale and physical orientation are critical; not just any site could have offered the perfect astronomical alignment.  Yet, as journalist Joy Aschenbach describes, "The Church's location was a rather lonely one, with woods all around, few or no houses near, and no good roads."  Its geographical remoteness and splendid isolation are reminiscent of another unusual sanctuary, the fifth-century BCE Temple to Apollo, the god of the sun and rationality, at Bassae in Greece.  As with the church, the temple's structure has been attributed to a famous architect, Iktynos, designer of the Athenian Parthenon.  Thrust deep into the countryside, it sits atop Kotylion Mountain, holding dominion over a desolate landscape through which, until the last century, no truly passable road led.  Thus, virtually inaccessible, the imposing sanctuary stood long forgotten.  In contemporary times it has been under restoration and studied for how, positioned north to south rather than east to west, it tracks the annual phases of the sun.  Likewise, Christ Church has resurged from encroaching dilapidation to bask in "lonely majesty" even as scientists figure the calculus of its blueprint.Clearly neither of these structures acquired its characteristics through happenstance.  The spaces created are at once pragmatic and sacred, their purposes overtly divine even while their designs honor nature and extol reason.
-The description of Putnam's thought experiments would suggest which of the following about Twin Earth?

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

According to Paragraph 1, the Twin Earth thought experiment "asks the reader to imagine Earth…along with a nearly identical Twin Earth." In one version of that thought experiment, Twin Earth differs from Earth because "the metal molybdenum is used instead of aluminum for pots and pans, and ordinary people cannot tell the difference between them" (Paragraph 4). Accordingly, all the pots and pans that would be made of aluminum on Earth are made of molybdenum on Twin Earth. Consequently, the description of Putnam's thought experiments would suggest that on Twin Earth, molybdenum would be as common as aluminum is on Earth. (Choice A) Paragraph 2 states that "the intension of the term 'water' would be the same on Earth and Twin Earth. People on both worlds would possess the same concept of that term and embody the same mental states while using it." Therefore, lakes and oceans would be conceived of in the same way on both Earth and Twin Earth, even though 'water' would refer to H₂O in one case and XYZ in the other. (Choice C) According to Paragraph 4, Putnam specifies that "'the words 'aluminum' and 'molybdenum' are switched on Twin Earth: 'aluminum' is the name of molybdenum, and 'molybdenum' is the name of aluminum.'" However, the fact that the names are "switched" in relation to Earth does not mean that people on Twin Earth would be mistaken about the names that they use. Rather, on Twin Earth, a speaker would correctly use the name 'aluminum' to refer to the metal that on Earth would be known as 'molybdenum.' (Choice D) According to Paragraph 2, "the extension of 'water' on each world would actually be different, because it would apply to H₂O on Earth but to XYZ on Twin Earth. Therefore, Putnam argues that a term's meaning is constituted partially by the features of a speaker's world." Consequently, the Twin Earth thought experiments compare speakers on Earth with those on Twin Earth, such as "an Earthling Oscar₁ and his Twin Earth counterpart Oscar₂" (Paragraph 5). However, such counterparts are not like biological twins, who typically share one and the same world. Therefore, the passage gives no reason to think that biological twins would complicate the thought experiment.

Passage Christ Church, a Colonial-Era Anglican Church near Weems, Virginia, Is