Question 1

Categorical data represent the quantity of an outcome and are expressed in terms of percentages or proportions rather than means and standard deviations.

Accepted Answer

Categorical data represent categories or groups and are typically summarized using counts, percentages, or proportions, but they do not represent quantities or numerical outcomes.

Question 2

Pretend you're creating a contingency table made up of two categorical variables. Your __________ variables would make up the rows, and the __________ variables would make up the columns.
A) predictor; exposure
B) outcome; exposure
C) exposure; outcome
D) None of these is correct.

Accepted Answer

In a contingency table, the exposure variables typically make up the rows, and the outcome variables make up the columns. This setup helps in analyzing the relationship between the exposure and the outcome.

Question 3

If your predictor variable is dichotomous and your outcome variable is not, would a simple chi-square test sufficiently explain the relationship between the two variables?
A) Yes
B) No
C) Maybe
D) The test cannot be run.

Accepted Answer

D

Question 4

Why would you use an effect modifier for a chi-square test?
A) To account for a confounding variable
B) To determine an extraneous effect on the predictor variable
C) To account for a confounding variable and to determine an extraneous effect on the predictor variable
D) None of these is correct.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why would you use an effect modifier...

Question 5

In the study determining the relationship between parental monitoring and teenage binge drinking, sex became an effect modifier variable; however, the association was significant in females but insignificant for males. What does this tell the investigator?
A) Sex, not parental monitoring, should be the primary variable of interest.
B) Because sex was insignificant for male binge drinking outcomes, the effect modifier should be discarded.
C) Both variables are important to the study's tests and future interventions.
D) Two separate studies should be conducted.

Accepted Answer

Sex as an effect modifier indicates that the relationship between parental monitoring and binge drinking differs by sex. This suggests that both variables are important for understanding the dynamics of binge drinking in teenagers and should be considered in analyses and interventions.

Question 6

The higher the chi-square value, the lower the P-value.

Accepted Answer

A higher chi-square value indicates a greater deviation from the null hypothesis, leading to a lower P-value, which suggests stronger evidence against the null hypothesis.

Question 7

Logistic regression is a form of analysis that:
A) can determine causation.
B) can have nominal, ordinal, or ratio-level independent variables.
C) is more effective than bivariate associations.
D) All of these are correct.

Accepted Answer

Logistic regression can handle nominal, ordinal, or ratio-level independent variables, but it does not determine causation and is not necessarily more effective than bivariate associations.

Question 8

An odds ratio can range from close to zero to levels exceeding 5 or 6; however, if you received an odds ratio of 1, what assumptions can you make about your results?
A) The P-value from the tests is too large.
B) The odds of the outcome are similar for people regardless of their exposure to the variable of interests.
C) You can't make an assumption without the confidence interval.
D) The P-value from the tests is too large, and the odds of the outcome are similar for people regardless of their exposure to the variable of interests.
E) The P-value from the tests is too large, and you can't make an assumption without the confidence interval.

Accepted Answer

The answer of An odds ratio can range from close...

Question 9

If you were to have an adjusted odds ratio of 0.7 with a confidence interval of 0.6-0.8, how would you interpret these results?
A) The odds of the outcome are 30% less likely for you than those exposed to the variable of interest.
B) The odds of the outcome are 70% less likely for you than those exposed to the variable of interest.
C) The positive outcome is less likely to occur.
D) Unsure

Accepted Answer

An odds ratio of 0.7 indicates that the odds of the outcome are 30% less likely for those exposed to the variable of interest compared to those not exposed. The confidence interval (0.6-0.8) suggests that this result is statistically significant and not due to random chance.

Question 10

What is a benefit of conducting a meta-analysis?
A) It could save you time and money.
B) It pools together multiple studies and allows you to conduct secondary analysis.
C) It gives you insight on more or less successful interventions.
D) All of these are correct.

Accepted Answer

A meta-analysis combines data from multiple studies, saving time and money, allowing secondary analysis, and providing insights into the effectiveness of interventions.

Quiz 14: Non-Parametric Data Analysis

Categorical data represent the quantity of an outcome and are expressed in terms of percentages or proportions rather than means and standard deviations.

Pretend you're creating a contingency table made up of two categorical variables. Your variables would make up the rows, and the variables would make up the columns.

If your predictor variable is dichotomous and your outcome variable is not, would a simple chi-square test sufficiently explain the relationship between the two variables?

Why would you use an effect modifier for a chi-square test?

In the study determining the relationship between parental monitoring and teenage binge drinking, sex became an effect modifier variable; however, the association was significant in females but insignificant for males. What does this tell the investigator?

The higher the chi-square value, the lower the P-value.

Logistic regression is a form of analysis that:

An odds ratio can range from close to zero to levels exceeding 5 or 6; however, if you received an odds ratio of 1, what assumptions can you make about your results?

If you were to have an adjusted odds ratio of 0.7 with a confidence interval of 0.6-0.8, how would you interpret these results?

What is a benefit of conducting a meta-analysis?