Sampson and Laub studied the effect of childhood deviance on adult crime. They found that children who had been committed to a correctional school for persistent delinquency were much more likely to have committed crimes as adults. Which criteria(on) for establishing causality are (is) satisfied in this study?
A) association
B) direction of influence
C) nonspuriousness
D) all of the above
E) a and b

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

The study establishes an association between childhood deviance and adult crime and suggests a direction of influence from childhood behavior to adult outcomes. However, it does not necessarily rule out other factors that could influence both childhood deviance and adult crime, so nonspuriousness is not fully established.

Sampson and Laub Studied the Effect of Childhood Deviance on Adult