Question 1

When studying gender as a context, _______ theorists would be interested in how gender expectations shape both behavior and definition of that behavior.

Accepted Answer

C

Question 2

According to Gathings and Parrotta, patterns in discretion result from (primarily male) judges' and prosecutors' notions that women, even the "bad" ones, should be coddled and protected describes which of the following explanations for gender differences in criminal sentencing?

Accepted Answer

The chivalry hypothesis suggests that women are treated more leniently in the criminal justice system due to traditional gender roles and stereotypes, which include the belief that women should be protected and coddled, even when they are involved in criminal activities. This aligns with the description given by Gathings and Parrotta.

Question 3

In the courtroom, according to Gathings and Parrotta, women are more likely than men to be described as _______ compared to men.

Accepted Answer

According to Gathings and Parrotta, in the courtroom context, women are more likely than men to be described as dependent. This reflects societal stereotypes and biases that can influence legal narratives and perceptions.

Question 4

According to Whitehead and Kurtz, feminine "power" has primarily been constructed through the acquisition of _______ , and the female body is rendered a social text that is to be viewed, judged, and evaluated by men.

Accepted Answer

Whitehead and Kurtz argue that feminine "power" is primarily constructed through the acquisition of aesthetic beauty, which makes the female body a social text subject to male evaluation.

Question 5

According to Whitehead and Kurtz, _______ is less about weight and more about achieving power through conformity to a feminine ideal propagated by the media.

Accepted Answer

Whitehead and Kurtz discuss "fat phobia" as being more about conforming to societal and media-driven ideals of femininity rather than focusing solely on weight.

Question 6

According to Whitehead and Kurtz, which of the following "feminine dreams" are impossible until a woman achieves the right weight?

Accepted Answer

Whitehead and Kurtz argue that societal pressures and stereotypes suggest that certain "feminine dreams" such as having sex, getting married, and having babies are perceived as impossible or less attainable for women until they achieve what is considered the "right" weight, reflecting societal norms and expectations about body image.

Question 7

_______ is a set of cultural ideas about how males are expected to act, think, and feel.

Accepted Answer

Heterosexual masculinity is a set of cultural ideas about how males are expected to act, think, and feel.

Question 8

According to Kimmel and Mahler, _______ is the single greatest risk factor in school violence.

Accepted Answer

Kimmel and Mahler argue that masculinity, or more specifically, toxic masculinity, is the single greatest risk factor in school violence. This perspective emphasizes how societal norms and expectations about masculinity can contribute to aggressive and violent behaviors.

Question 9

According to Kimmel and Mahler, the young white boys who commit school shootings did so because of which of the following reasons?

Accepted Answer

Kimmel and Mahler suggest that young white boys who commit school shootings often do so because they feel isolated, believe that authority figures will not understand or help them, and lack alternative ways to affirm their identities. This combination of factors contributes to their decision to engage in violence.

Question 10

According to Blazak, hate groups espouse _______ that malign entire groups of people based on race and ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, and the like.

Accepted Answer

Blazak refers to hate groups as espousing both beliefs and ideologies that malign entire groups of people based on various characteristics, making both answers A and C correct.

Question 11

According to Blazak, Nazi skinhead groups look for specific kinds of youth, kids who are, in Durkheim's terms _______ , that is, feeling adrift, alone, angry or frustrated.

Accepted Answer

According to Blazak, Nazi skinhead groups target youth who are experiencing anomie, a term coined by Durkheim to describe a state of normlessness, where individuals feel disconnected from the collective conscience of society. This state often leads to feelings of alienation and frustration, making individuals more susceptible to the influence of extremist groups.

Question 12

According to Blazak, racist skinheads emerged as a reactionary element of _______ , but only in the mid-1980s were they recruited by established racist groups.

Accepted Answer

Racist skinheads emerged as a reactionary element of the punk rock scene, but it was only in the mid-1980s that they were recruited by established racist groups. The punk rock scene, known for its rebellious and anti-establishment ethos, inadvertently became a breeding ground for various subcultures, including racist skinheads.

Question 13

According to Perry, just as the initial establishment of reservations for Native Americans was facilitated through state and popular violence, so too does current segregation of Native Americans rely on racialized violence to keep reservation Indians _______ .

Accepted Answer

The correct answer is "in their place," as it reflects the continuation of a system of segregation and control over Native Americans, emphasizing the spatial and social restrictions imposed on them rather than implying a direct physical threat or need for pacification.

Question 14

_______ involve(s) acts of violence and intimidation, usually directed toward already stigmatized and marginalized groups.

Accepted Answer

Hate crimes specifically involve acts of violence and intimidation targeted at marginalized and stigmatized groups because of their race, religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation, or other similar reasons, distinguishing them from other types of crimes.

Question 15

According to Perry, Native Americans today no longer face collective violence but rather _______ by citizens and police.

Accepted Answer

Perry argues that while collective violence against Native Americans has decreased, they continue to face individual acts of violence perpetrated by both citizens and police. This reflects a shift from more organized, large-scale violence to more personal, individualized forms of aggression.

Question 16

Early and Akers explore the _______ , that is, the notion that there is something about black religion, black culture, the black community or black family that protects or insulates African Americans from the factors that would otherwise generate high suicide rates.

Accepted Answer

The correct term is the "buffer hypothesis," which suggests that certain aspects of black culture, religion, community, or family act as protective factors against high suicide rates among African Americans.

Question 17

According to Early and Akers, the black _______ serves unifying and leadership functions for African Americans by providing sociocultural integration and resiliency under stressful situations.

Accepted Answer

Early and Akers identify the black church as playing a significant role in providing sociocultural integration and resiliency for African Americans, especially under stressful situations. It serves as a unifying and leadership entity within the community.

Question 18

According to Early and Akers, African Americans consider suicide to be a _______ .

Accepted Answer

Early and Akers noted that African Americans often perceive suicide as a "white" thing, indicating cultural differences in the perception of suicide.

Question 19

According to Hollingshead and Redlich, mental illness in the New Haven community they studied was not distributed randomly in the population but the types of psychiatric disorders, and the ways patients were treated, were strongly associated with _______ .

Accepted Answer

Hollingshead and Redlich's study found that the distribution of mental illness and the types of psychiatric disorders, as well as the treatment received by patients, were strongly associated with social class. This seminal work highlighted the impact of socioeconomic factors on mental health and healthcare access.

Question 20

According to Hollingshead and Redlich, there are clear connections between particular types of and the emergence of particular kinds of psychiatric disorders.

Accepted Answer

Hollingshead and Redlich's research primarily focused on the impact of social environments on the emergence of psychiatric disorders, highlighting how socioeconomic status and other social factors can influence mental health outcomes.

Quiz 4: Statuses and Identities