Dragonfly species A (with a carrying capacity of 1,000) and species B (with a carrying capacity of 400) are competing. The competition coefficient of species A on species B is 0.25, and the competition coefficient of species B on species A is 0.5. Dragonfly species C (with a carrying capacity of 5,000) and species D (with a carrying capacity of 10,000) are also competing. The competition coefficient of species C on species D is 0.1, and the competition coefficient of species D on species C is 0.2. Based on the Lotka‒Volterra equation, which of these pairs of species can coexist?

Question

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Both pairs of species can coexist because the competition coefficients are less than 1, indicating that interspecific competition is less intense than intraspecific competition, allowing for coexistence according to the Lotka-Volterra model.

Dragonfly Species a (With a Carrying Capacity of 1,000) and Species