Question 1

Loss of _______ pressure results in wilting of nonwoody plants due to dehydration.
A) turgor
B) xyleic
C) osmotic
D) matric

Accepted Answer

Turgor pressure is the pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall in plant cells, and it is crucial for maintaining the rigidity and structure of nonwoody plants. Loss of turgor pressure due to dehydration causes wilting.

Question 2

Which statement about roots and mycorrhizae is true?
A) Most land plants today take up water only through their roots.
B) Mycorrhizae are very good at absorption because they provide large amounts of surface area.
C) The ability of roots to take up water increases with thickness because thicker roots develop a water-resistant waxy coating.
D) Mycorrhizae allow less exploration of the soil for water and nutrients.

Accepted Answer

Mycorrhizae increase the surface area for absorption, enhancing the plant's ability to take up water and nutrients.

Question 3

Refer to the figure. In the figure, as _soil declines over five days, what happens to _leaf at night? A) It consistently drops lower than _soil. B) It consistently is lower than _stem. C) It takes longer to equilibrate with _soil. D) Stomates stay open longer.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Refer to the figure.
 In the figure,...

Question 4

Refer to the figure.

- In soil, there can be layers with more or less available water. In the figure, there is a lower water potential in shallow soils than in deep soils. Considering this scenario, what will the stem water potential be in the middle of the night and why?
A) -3.0 MPa because the plant will equilibrate with the lowest water potential.
B) -0.5 MPa because the plant will equilibrate with the highest water potential.
C) Between -3.0 MPa and -0.5 MPa because the plant will average across all available water.
D) Between -3.0 MPa and -0.5 MPa because some of the water from the deep soil layers will move through the roots and then into the dry, shallow soils.

Accepted Answer

At night, when transpiration is low, water can move from areas of higher potential (deep soil) to areas of lower potential (shallow soil), leading to an intermediate stem water potential.

Question 5

Refer to the figure. -Plant ecophysiologists often measure the water potential of a plant at midnight to understand plant-soil-water relationships. If an investigator found that _stem was -2.0 MPa as shown in the figure, which statement would also be true? A) _soil must be > -2.0. B) _soil must be = -2.0. C) _leaf must be > -2.0. D) _air must be = -2.0.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Refer to the figure.
 
-Plant ecophysiologists often...

Question 6

When a plant is using transpiration to cool off during the day, its stomates are _______ and its water potential is _______ negative than that of the soil. At night, the plant's water potential will be _______ that of the soil (assuming that the soil is receiving sufficient moisture).
A) open; more; roughly the same as
B) open; more; more positive than
C) open; less; roughly the same as
D) closed; less; more positive than

Accepted Answer

During the day, stomates are open for transpiration, making the plant's water potential more negative than the soil. At night, without transpiration, the water potential equilibrates, becoming roughly the same as the soil.

Question 7

As the soil dries out during a time of water stress, roots send _______, a hormonal signal, to the stomates, which decreases the extent of their opening and thus decreases water loss.
A) osmotic acid
B) cyclic AMP
C) glycerol
D) abscisic acid

Accepted Answer

Abscisic acid is a plant hormone that is produced in response to water stress and signals stomatal closure to reduce water loss.

Question 8

Which statement about kangaroo rats and their adaptations to the desert climate is false?
A) They have thicker and oilier skin than their non-desert relatives.
B) They have more sweat glands than their non-desert relatives.
C) Their metabolic processes supply much of their required water.
D) They minimize water loss in their urine and feces.

Accepted Answer

Kangaroo rats have fewer sweat glands to minimize water loss, not more.

Question 9

The salinity of salmon is about 0.9%. Salmon living in water with 0.2% salinity would be _______ to the environment, and would tend to _______ water and _______ salts.
A) hypoxic; gain; lose
B) hypertensive; lose; gain
C) hyperosmotic; gain; lose
D) hypoosmotic; gain; lose

Accepted Answer

Salmon with 0.9% salinity are hyperosmotic to the 0.2% salinity water, meaning they have a higher concentration of solutes. Therefore, they tend to gain water and lose salts to the environment.

Question 10

You discover a new species of salamander. From your research, it appears that this species is highly endangered. You would like to establish a new breeding population of the salamanders in a protected area that is 300 km from the area where you first discovered them. There are no individuals of your new salamander currently living in the protected area. What kinds of data would you need to determine whether your salamander species could tolerate the conditions in the new park? Under which conditions would there be a good chance that the salamander would survive in the new park? What are two critical aspects that will determine whether a new salamander population could persist in the new area?

Accepted Answer

The answer of You discover a new species of salamander....

Question 11

You discover a new species of salamander. From your research, it appears that this species is highly endangered. You would like to establish a new breeding population of the salamanders in a protected area that is 300 km from the area where you first discovered them. There are no individuals of your new salamander currently living in the protected area. Imagine that you find that the environmental conditions in the new area differ from those at the discovery site. How would you determine whether the salamanders could survive in the new area, and what additional considerations would you have to take into account because of their likely status as an endangered species?

Accepted Answer

The answer of You discover a new species of salamander....

Question 12

Some plants respond to drought conditions by dropping their leaves. This reduces water loss, but can be risky for the plant. What conditions might cause a plant to fail to survive a drought, even if it dropped its leaves?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Some plants respond to drought conditions by...

Question 13

You have just moved from Florida to Alaska and you are having trouble adjusting to this new, colder climate. What is one thing you can do to acclimate to the cold without relying on technology, tools, heat, shelter, or extra clothing? Describe how and why this change might help you acclimate to the colder temperatures. (You cannot go into torpor or hibernation, or migrate back to Florida!)

Accepted Answer

The answer of You have just moved from Florida to...

Question 14

A man, shipwrecked at sea, spends 12 hours floating in the ocean before washing up on the shore of a deserted island. This man's core body temperature has decreased due to the many hours spent in the cold ocean water, and he needs to warm up once he reaches the island. Here are two options for warming up:
Option 1: Siting on black rocks in the direct sunlight.
Option 2: Sheltering under a dense tree and using dry leaves as insulation.
Describe three different conditions in which sheltering under the dry leaves would provide more opportunity for heating up than sitting on the black rocks.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A man, shipwrecked at sea, spends 12...

Question 15

A man, shipwrecked at sea, spends 12 hours floating in the ocean before washing up on the shore of a deserted island. By the time he reaches the island, he is severely dehydrated. He has several options for correcting his water balance: Assume that under normal conditions, his blood has 0.01 grams of salt per 1,000 grams of water, but under severe dehydration, the salt content increases to 0.5 grams per 1,000 grams of water.
• He could drink ocean water, which contains 37 grams of salt per 1,000 grams of water.
• He could drink from a puddle of rainwater that has been somewhat contaminated by sea water, but is not as salty as pure sea water and contains about 7 grams of salt per 1,000 grams of water.
• He could eat berries that contain 0.006 grams of salt per 1,000 grams of water, but the berries have been coated in salt spray that covers the outside of the berries with salt. For each 100 grams of berries, they are covered in 5.5 grams of salt.
• He could catch raindrops in his mouth when storms pass. He could manage to catch 10 drops per minute, and one milliliter of water contains 20 drops of water. However, he would also lose 300 milliliters of water per hour through respiration.
Which of the scenarios would provide him with the least amount of salt and the highest percentage of water most quickly? He can only use these options, but must come up with a creative solution to maximize his survival chances. What is his best course of action?

Accepted Answer

The answer of A man, shipwrecked at sea, spends 12...

Question 16

A man, shipwrecked at sea, spends 12 hours floating in the ocean before washing up on the shore of a deserted island. The shipwrecked man has just finished collecting shellfish from the ocean and is lying on the beach absorbing solar radiation. A very large sea turtle crawls out of the ocean and suns itself on the same beach. Both individuals bask in the sun for 7 hours. If the temperature of the ocean is 10$\degree$C and the temperature of the sand is 30$\degree$C, how would you expect sand temperature to affect body temperature and how would body temperature change over time for both individuals? Create a graph that shows this pattern. Label the x and y axes. Draw a line that shows the expected change in temperature of the person over time and the expected change in temperature of the turtle over time. Label both lines.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A man, shipwrecked at sea, spends 12...

Question 17

Mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians have circulatory systems driven by a pumping heart that transports nutrients, oxygen, and water throughout the body. Plants do not have a pumping heart, yet nutrients and water are transported, even in very large plants like trees. Why is it that plants do not need a pumping heart? What affects the rate at which water is transported through a plant?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians have circulatory...

Question 18

Many animals behave in ways that allow them to regulate their temperatures. Using the examples of the shipwrecked person and a kangaroo rat, what resource must both conserve? How are the actions of the person on the island and the actions of a kangaroo rat in the desert similar? How are they different in terms of their goals and mechanisms for managing their body temperature?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Many animals behave in ways that allow...

Question 19

Imagine that you want to cryogenically freeze yourself and maximize your chances of being brought back to life at a later time. How could you do it in such a way that you are protected from some of the consequences that might make resuscitation impossible? What would be a critical consequence of the cold temperatures that you would want to protect yourself against? What consequences might this have if you did not avoid it?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Imagine that you want to cryogenically freeze...

Question 20

Which of the following is an example of something that could be predicted with information on a species' "climate envelope"?
A) The reproductive rate of that species
B) The growth rate of the species
C) The survival rate of the species
D) The range that the species could potentially inhabit

Accepted Answer

A species' "climate envelope" refers to the range of climatic conditions under which it can survive, grow, and reproduce. Therefore, it can be used to predict the potential geographic range or habitat that the species could inhabit.

Quiz 4: Coping With Environmental Variation:

Loss of _______ pressure results in wilting of nonwoody plants due to dehydration.

Which statement about roots and mycorrhizae is true?

Refer to the figure. In the figure, as _soil declines over five days, what happens to 11ef0cf8_4c2f_5de3_baff_f734b72c3246_TBO1115_11 _leaf at night?

Refer to the figure. - In soil, there can be layers with more or less available water. In the figure, there is a lower water potential in shallow soils than in deep soils. Considering this scenario, what will the stem water potential be in the middle of the night and why?

Refer to the figure. -Plant ecophysiologists often measure the water potential of a plant at midnight to understand plant-soil-water relationships. If an investigator found that _stem was -2.0 MPa as shown in the figure, which statement would also be true?

When a plant is using transpiration to cool off during the day, its stomates are ___ and its water potential is _ negative than that of the soil. At night, the plant's water potential will be _____ that of the soil (assuming that the soil is receiving sufficient moisture) .

As the soil dries out during a time of water stress, roots send _______, a hormonal signal, to the stomates, which decreases the extent of their opening and thus decreases water loss.

Which statement about kangaroo rats and their adaptations to the desert climate is false?

The salinity of salmon is about 0.9%. Salmon living in water with 0.2% salinity would be ___ to the environment, and would tend to _ water and _____ salts.

Some plants respond to drought conditions by dropping their leaves. This reduces water loss, but can be risky for the plant. What conditions might cause a plant to fail to survive a drought, even if it dropped its leaves?

Which of the following is an example of something that could be predicted with information on a species' "climate envelope"?

Quiz 4: Coping With Environmental Variation:

Loss of _______ pressure results in wilting of nonwoody plants due to dehydration.

Which statement about roots and mycorrhizae is true?

Refer to the figure. In the figure, as soil declines over five days, what happens to 11ef0cf8_4c2f_5de3_baff_f734b72c3246_TBO1115_11 leaf at night?

Refer to the figure. - In soil, there can be layers with more or less available water. In the figure, there is a lower water potential in shallow soils than in deep soils. Considering this scenario, what will the stem water potential be in the middle of the night and why?

Refer to the figure. -Plant ecophysiologists often measure the water potential of a plant at midnight to understand plant-soil-water relationships. If an investigator found that stem was -2.0 MPa as shown in the figure, which statement would also be true?

When a plant is using transpiration to cool off during the day, its stomates are _______ and its water potential is _______ negative than that of the soil. At night, the plant's water potential will be _______ that of the soil (assuming that the soil is receiving sufficient moisture) .

As the soil dries out during a time of water stress, roots send _______, a hormonal signal, to the stomates, which decreases the extent of their opening and thus decreases water loss.

Which statement about kangaroo rats and their adaptations to the desert climate is false?

The salinity of salmon is about 0.9%. Salmon living in water with 0.2% salinity would be _______ to the environment, and would tend to _______ water and _______ salts.

Some plants respond to drought conditions by dropping their leaves. This reduces water loss, but can be risky for the plant. What conditions might cause a plant to fail to survive a drought, even if it dropped its leaves?

Which of the following is an example of something that could be predicted with information on a species' "climate envelope"?

Refer to the figure. In the figure, as _soil declines over five days, what happens to 11ef0cf8_4c2f_5de3_baff_f734b72c3246_TBO1115_11 _leaf at night?

Refer to the figure. -Plant ecophysiologists often measure the water potential of a plant at midnight to understand plant-soil-water relationships. If an investigator found that _stem was -2.0 MPa as shown in the figure, which statement would also be true?

When a plant is using transpiration to cool off during the day, its stomates are ___ and its water potential is _ negative than that of the soil. At night, the plant's water potential will be _____ that of the soil (assuming that the soil is receiving sufficient moisture) .

The salinity of salmon is about 0.9%. Salmon living in water with 0.2% salinity would be ___ to the environment, and would tend to _ water and _____ salts.