Question 1

Because the prime early symptom of diabetes is a high level of blood glucose, insulin is often associated primarily with carbohydrate metabolism. List several other processes that are insulin-dependent.

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Question 2

Hormones can be assigned to what three general classes based on the molecules they are derived from.

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Question 3

During periods of prolonged exercise muscles burn fatty acids released from adipocytes in addition to glucose. Explain how the need for additional fatty acids by muscle is communicated to the adipocytes.

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Question 4

How do phorbol esters promote tumor growth?

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Question 5

In severely diabetic patients the blood glucose level is so high that the sugar appears in the urine. Before the development of blood tests by modern medical research, diabetics could often be recognized by the appearance of flies around their feet. Suggest a reason for this observation.

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Question 6

Explain why obese individuals are often insulin resistant.

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Question 7

Dieters frequently fast in an attempt to reduce their weight. During these fasts, they often lose considerable muscle mass rather than fat. Explain.

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Question 8

Discuss the relationship between the inflammatory response, obesity, and type-2 diabetes.

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Question 9

Why is it important for hormones to act at low concentrations and be degraded quickly?

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Question 10

Hormones are often synthesized and stored within secretory vesicles. Secretion occurs only when the hormone-producing cell is stimulated. Explain the advantage that this process has over making the hormone molecules as they are needed.

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Question 11

Skeletal muscle cannot synthesize fatty acids yet it produces the enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Explain the role of this enzyme.

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Question 12

Animals can convert glucose to fat but not the reverse. Explain.

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Question 13

Ketoacidosis is a common feature of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, but not of insulin-independent diabetes mellitus. Explain.

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Question 14

Type II diabetics are often obese. Explain how obesity contributes to the onset of diabetes.

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Question 15

During the first week of a prolonged diet there is a relatively rapid weight loss. What is the major source of weight loss during this period?

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Quiz 16: Integration of Metabolism