Question 1

The Parenting Traits approach summarizes parent's behavior using ______.
A) a single characteristic
B) detailed descriptions
C) negative labels
D) multiple approaches

Accepted Answer

The Parenting Traits approach simplifies the complex behaviors of parents into a single characteristic for easier understanding and study.

Question 2

Which of the following statements is most TRUE regarding the Parenting Traits approach to child-rearing research?
A) It assumes that parenting behaviors are guided by children's behavior.
B) It provides in-depth characterizations of parenting behaviors.
C) It assesses how parents act differently toward different children.
D) It is the oldest approach to conceptualizing and studying parents.

Accepted Answer

D

Question 3

Baumrind's Child-Rearing Traits theory focused on how much ______ parents exhibited.
A) love and affection
B) rigidity and flexibility
C) warmth and control
D) help and support

Accepted Answer

Baumrind's theory on parenting styles is centered around two critical dimensions: warmth (or responsiveness) and control (or demandingness). These dimensions form the basis for categorizing parenting into different styles, such as authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful.

Question 4

Albert was a harsh taskmaster with his children. He often barked at his children, "It will be my way or the highway!" Baumrind's ______ parenting trait best fits Albert's behavior.
A) authoritative
B) authoritarian
C) passive
D) uninvolved

Accepted Answer

Baumrind's authoritarian parenting style is characterized by high demands and low responsiveness, where parents often use strict discipline and expect obedience without question, fitting the description of Albert's behavior.

Question 5

Christine was an authoritative parent. When her children were growing up, she gave them many opportunities to make age-appropriate choices. By doing this, she likely encouraged the development of their ______.
A) autonomy
B) confusion
C) rebellion
D) compliance

Accepted Answer

Authoritative parenting, characterized by a balance of responsiveness and demandingness, often encourages autonomy in children by allowing them to make age-appropriate choices. This approach helps children develop a sense of independence and self-direction.

Question 6

A criticism of the Parenting Traits approach is that it does not reveal the ______.
A) amount of direct care parents provide
B) disciplinary approach parents employ
C) social bonds that parents form
D) processes that are actually at work

Accepted Answer

The Parenting Traits approach is criticized for not revealing the underlying processes and mechanisms that influence parenting behaviors and child outcomes.

Question 7

The ______ approach was a reaction to the unidirectional view of influence embodied in the Parental Traits approach.
A) Momentary Process
B) Child Effects
C) Social Learning
D) Social Address

Accepted Answer

The Child Effects approach emerged as a reaction against the Parental Traits approach, emphasizing that children also influence their parents, not just the other way around. This perspective highlights the bidirectional nature of parent-child interactions.

Question 8

The Child Effects approach focuses on how children ______.
A) learn how to act on their own behalf
B) are influenced through synchronous actions
C) affect those who are around them
D) fail to influence others through their actions

Accepted Answer

The Child Effects approach emphasizes the impact that children have on their environment, including their ability to influence the behavior and attitudes of those around them, such as parents, siblings, and peers.

Question 9

Dr. Belsky proposed that parenting and other environmental influences do not affect all children equally. This differential susceptibility effect fits best with the ______ approach.
A) Bioecological
B) Social Learning
C) Social Address
D) Child Effects

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dr. Belsky proposed that parenting and other...

Question 10

In a parent-child relationship, parents and children learn from their interactions, and their subsequent interactions reflect that learning. This idea has been labeled ______.
A) operational synchrony
B) transactional development
C) resultant operations
D) multidirectional learning

Accepted Answer

The concept of transactional development suggests that development is a dynamic process where children and their environments (including parents) influence each other reciprocally over time. This idea encapsulates the notion that both parents and children learn from their interactions, and these learnings shape future interactions.

Question 11

A child's activity level is a powerful determinant of parental behavior or concern. Children who are diagnosed with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are a serious challenge in homes and in classrooms. When comparing diagnoses of ADHD for boys and girls, we find that ______.
A) girls and boys are diagnosed in equal numbers
B) boys are diagnosed twice as often as girls
C) girls are diagnosed 3 times as often as boys
D) only boys are diagnosed with true ADHD

Accepted Answer

Boys are diagnosed with ADHD more frequently than girls, with studies often showing that boys are diagnosed at least twice as often as girls. This discrepancy is thought to be due to differences in how ADHD symptoms manifest between genders, with boys more likely to display hyperactive and impulsive behaviors, which are more easily recognized as ADHD.

Question 12

Dr. Jones explored the effects of children's temperament and parents' personality over time. She found that due to their ongoing interactions, children's temperament affected parents' personalities and parents' personalities affected the children's temperament. This affect is best described as ______.
A) transactional
B) unidirectional
C) bidirectional
D) multidirectional

Accepted Answer

Transactional effects occur when two or more variables influence each other over time. In this case, children's temperament and parents' personality affect each other, so the effect is transactional.

Question 13

Researchers who adopt a Social Learning approach to understanding parents and their child-rearing behaviors might focus on ______.
A) operant conditioning behaviors that parents exhibit
B) parents' consistent recall of their own parents' behaviors
C) social interactions that promote or block close relationships
D) maladaptive thoughts held by parents and/or children

Accepted Answer

Social Learning Theory emphasizes learning through observation and imitation, which aligns with operant conditioning behaviors that parents exhibit and children may learn from.

Question 14

After 3-year-old Tim whined for a candy bar for several minutes, his mother gave up and gave in to his demands. Based on a Social Learning Theory perspective, Tim's mother ______.
A) reestablished equilibrium in their interactions
B) reinforced his negative whining behavior
C) taught him that she cared about his discomfort
D) reduced the chance that his whining would recur

Accepted Answer

According to Social Learning Theory, behaviors followed by positive outcomes are likely to be repeated. By giving Tim the candy bar after he whined, his mother inadvertently reinforced the whining behavior, making it more likely to occur in the future.

Question 15

According to the Social Learning approach, the best way for parents to teach children how to behave is to ______.
A) give long explanations of good behaviors
B) punish negative or inappropriate behaviors
C) model and reward desired behaviors
D) reward inappropriate behaviors

Accepted Answer

The Social Learning Theory, proposed by Albert Bandura, emphasizes that people learn from one another through observation, imitation, and modeling. Therefore, the best way for parents to teach children how to behave according to this approach is to model and reward desired behaviors. This allows children to observe positive behaviors and understand the benefits of replicating them through rewards.

Question 16

When Max started to throw a tantrum at home, his mother turned and left the room. According to the Social Learning perspective, his mother was ______ by ignoring his bad behavior.
A) reinforcing his continued tantrums
B) encouraging rebellious behavior
C) showing her parenting weakness
D) promoting desired behavior

Accepted Answer

The answer of When Max started to throw a tantrum...

Question 17

Dr. Probst examined data from the National Survey of Children's Health for European American (Caucasian) families and Native American Indian families. She was interested in finding out if there were differences between these two cultures in parenting behaviors. Her research follows the Social ______ approach.
A) Trait
B) Cognition
C) Address
D) Learning

Accepted Answer

The Social Address approach examines differences in behaviors or attitudes across different cultural or demographic groups.

Question 18

According to the Social Address approach to understanding parents and their children, ______ is the variable that determines how parents rear their children.
A) a parent's personal history of care
B) adequate, but nonintrusive social support
C) an understanding of current research
D) membership in a larger cultural group

Accepted Answer

The Social Address approach focuses on how membership in a larger cultural group influences parenting practices, suggesting that cultural norms and values play a significant role in determining how parents rear their children.

Question 19

Dr. Sing Lau conducted research on how parenting affects academic performance in children. His participants were located in Hong Kong, the United States, and Australia. He was interested in finding out the differences between these groups of parents. His type of research would most likely be labeled the ______ approach.
A) Social Address
B) Parenting Traits
C) Momentary Process
D) Social Cognition

Accepted Answer

Dr. Sing Lau's research is most likely labeled the Social Address approach because it focuses on comparing groups based on their social and geographical locations (Hong Kong, the United States, and Australia) to understand how these differences influence parenting styles and, subsequently, children's academic performance.

Question 20

According to the text, the Social Address approach is a good first step in documenting differences between groups of parents. However, the author warns that ______ may be ignored when researchers employ this approach.
A) culturally mandated parenting processes for different groups
B) the great variation between different cultural groups
C) influence of genetic variation between the different groups
D) the considerable variation within a cultural group

Accepted Answer

The Social Address approach, while useful for documenting differences between groups of parents, may overlook the significant variation that exists within a cultural group, as it tends to generalize based on broader group characteristics.

Quiz 3: Approaches to Parenting Research

The Parenting Traits approach summarizes parent's behavior using ______.

Which of the following statements is most TRUE regarding the Parenting Traits approach to child-rearing research?

Baumrind's Child-Rearing Traits theory focused on how much ______ parents exhibited.

Albert was a harsh taskmaster with his children. He often barked at his children, "It will be my way or the highway!" Baumrind's ______ parenting trait best fits Albert's behavior.

Christine was an authoritative parent. When her children were growing up, she gave them many opportunities to make age-appropriate choices. By doing this, she likely encouraged the development of their ______.

A criticism of the Parenting Traits approach is that it does not reveal the ______.

The ______ approach was a reaction to the unidirectional view of influence embodied in the Parental Traits approach.

The Child Effects approach focuses on how children ______.

Dr. Belsky proposed that parenting and other environmental influences do not affect all children equally. This differential susceptibility effect fits best with the ______ approach.

In a parent-child relationship, parents and children learn from their interactions, and their subsequent interactions reflect that learning. This idea has been labeled ______.

A child's activity level is a powerful determinant of parental behavior or concern. Children who are diagnosed with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are a serious challenge in homes and in classrooms. When comparing diagnoses of ADHD for boys and girls, we find that ______.

Researchers who adopt a Social Learning approach to understanding parents and their child-rearing behaviors might focus on ______.

After 3-year-old Tim whined for a candy bar for several minutes, his mother gave up and gave in to his demands. Based on a Social Learning Theory perspective, Tim's mother ______.

According to the Social Learning approach, the best way for parents to teach children how to behave is to ______.

When Max started to throw a tantrum at home, his mother turned and left the room. According to the Social Learning perspective, his mother was ______ by ignoring his bad behavior.

According to the Social Address approach to understanding parents and their children, ______ is the variable that determines how parents rear their children.

According to the text, the Social Address approach is a good first step in documenting differences between groups of parents. However, the author warns that ______ may be ignored when researchers employ this approach.