Question 1

For every baby a woman produces, _______ eggs are "wasted." For every baby a man produces, ________ sperm are wasted. A) 10,000 ; 1,000,000 B) 10 ; 20,000 C) 200 ; 10¹²(one trillion) D) 10,000 ; 10¹²(one trillion)

Accepted Answer

Women are born with a finite number of eggs, and approximately 200 eggs are ovulated in a lifetime, with the rest being "wasted." Men produce a vast number of sperm, and for each baby, around one trillion sperm are not used.

Question 2

The female analogy to spermatogenesis is _____________.
A) menstruation
B) childbirth
C) ovulation
D) lactation

Accepted Answer

Ovulation is the process in the female body that is analogous to spermatogenesis in the male body. While spermatogenesis refers to the production of sperm, ovulation involves the release of an egg (ovum) from the ovary.

Question 3

What model does Martin propose as offering a better model for discussing human reproduction that works against more traditional and male-centric, traditional models?
A) Ecological model
B) Cybernetic model
C) Evolutionary model
D) Environmental model

Accepted Answer

The article reads, "The cybernetic model-with its feedback loops, flexible adaptation to change, coordination of the parts within a whole, evolution over time, and changing response to the environment-is common in genetics, endocrinology, and ecology and has a growing influence in medicine in general. This model has the potential to shift our imagery from the negative, in which the female reproductive system is castigated both for not producing eggs after birth and for producing (and thus wasting) too many eggs overall, to something more positive."

Question 4

What are hardships the doctors face due to their ethnicity according to the article?
A) lower pay
B) others undermining their knowledge
C) having to do extra work because of their cultural competence
D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

The study found that Latina/x doctors dealt with several issues, specifically finding that their cultural competency lead to extra work and that their knowledge was often undermined,

Question 5

"As the college-educated daughters of marginalized families, I posit that Latina physicians are '_______' who are now in a position to challenge how knowledge is produced in medicine, but they are also repeatedly undermined by various actors in their jobs."
A) professional
B) outsiders within
C) marginalized
D) none of the above

Accepted Answer

The term "outsiders within" captures the idea that Latina physicians, coming from marginalized backgrounds yet achieving professional status, occupy a unique position where they can challenge existing knowledge paradigms in medicine. However, their insights and contributions are often undervalued or dismissed, reflecting their simultaneous insider (as professionals) and outsider (due to their marginalized backgrounds) status.

Question 6

The majority of the doctors studied were of what origin?
A) Mexican
B) Central American
C) South American
D) None of the above

Accepted Answer

Of the 20 Latina physicians included in the study; the overwhelming majority of them (15 of 20) were of Mexican origin, the largest Latinx subgroup in the U.S. Two physicians identified as Central American, and three were South American (Colombian or Peruvian).

Question 7

Which applies to the definition of eugenics?
A) all bodies are abled bodies
B) the only way to achieve a healthy society was by controlling who reproduced
C) women have the right to choose
D) none of the above

Accepted Answer

Liam Lair, "Navigating Transness in the U.S.: Understanding the Legacies of Eugenics"

Question 8

More importantly, these arguments are ultimately rooted in eugenic thinking, one that grounds the "causation" of our deviation from the norm in our bodies. Arguing that our biology "causes" our differences reflects arguments eugenicists provided to justify their racist and ableist approach to medicine and to their supposed "cures" for our "deviance." It offers a narrative whereby gender non-conformity can be understood as an anatomical pathology or a psychiatric disorder (both rooted in biology), and ultimately reinforces who and what subject positions are _______. It is these biological explanations that continue to pathologize not only gender transgressors, but also people of color and people with disabilities, particularly in practices of sterilization. When we rely on biology and genetics to legitimize trans existence-rather than challenging normative and coercive gender expectations more broadly-we fail to distance ourselves from the dangerous rhetoric of degeneracy.
A) legitimate and "normal"
B) reductive and oppressive
C) intersectional and marginalized
D) none of the above

Accepted Answer

The passage discusses how grounding the causation of deviation in biology, as eugenicists did, reinforces certain subject positions as "legitimate and 'normal'" by pathologizing others. This is evident in the context of gender non-conformity being seen as a pathology or disorder, thus legitimizing only those who fit within normative expectations.

Question 9

Why is it important to study the history of eugenics according to the aticle?
A) it provides a blueprint for the type of science society should replicate
B) it shows that differences are a biological hazard
C) it provides clearer directions for how we might create more livable futures in the face of oppression.
D) none of the above

Accepted Answer

The conclusion reads, "Knowing our history is important because it provides clearer directions for how we might create more livable futures in the face of oppression."

Question 10

What is CRISPR?
A) a way to extract hormones
B) a do-it-yourself program for losing weight
C) A gene-targeting and -editing system
D) none of the above

Accepted Answer

CRISPR is a "gene-targeting and -editing system."

Question 11

What is biohacking in regards to the practice of hormone extraction?
A) biohackers devise and openly distribute clinical protocols-techniques accessible only to professional scientists
B) biohackers devise and openly distribute hospital protocols-techniques accessible to professional scientists
C) biohackers devise and openly distribute at-home protocols-techniques accessible to non-professional scientists
D) none of the above

Accepted Answer

The author explains, "They "biohack." They work to devise and openly distribute at-home protocols-techniques accessible to non-professional scientists-for extracting hormones from sources they could ultimately distribute like tobacco plants and by using accessible materials like cigarette filters."

Question 12

Fill in the blank to the author's call to action: "_______ praxis is the pivot around which method and methodology can relationally bring the lab to the people and the people to the lab, to paraphrase Hammond, and to move towards visions and potential realizations of scientific equity and health justice."
A) Clinical scientific
B) Oppositional scientific
C) Correct scientific
D) Peer-reviewed scientific

Accepted Answer

The correct term is "oppositional scientific praxis," which suggests a method of engaging with science that challenges existing paradigms, aiming to democratize science, bring it closer to the community, and promote equity and justice in health and scientific research.

Question 13

What led to the identification of office work-related injuries such as repetitive strain injury?
A) Doctors' concerns with the increase in patient visits
B) Middle-class use of technologies previously used by low-paid women workers whose injuries were ignored
C) Organizing on the part of office workers
D) None of the above

Accepted Answer

The article states, "The pain experienced by relatively powerless migrant women factory workers was only recognised when middle-class, more politically powerful, women began to use the new computer technology and experience for themselves the pain caused by rapid, repetitive movement."

Question 14

"Technology is not _______; it is not simply a functional aid. Technology is highly political; it is gendered and intrusive. While seemingly pragmatic and solution driven, technology is capable of reproducing the problems associated with medicine in the past. It may not only be body denying but also threaten the embodied self."
A) oppressive
B) neutral
C) intersectional
D) helpful

Accepted Answer

The correct answer is "neutral" because the passage argues that technology is not merely a functional or impartial aid but is political, gendered, and can reproduce problems, indicating it has biases and impacts beyond being neutral.

Question 15

What is the risk of substituting technology for lost body function?
A) It leads to loss of employment for office workers
B) It doesn't interrogate the mechanistic view of the body
C) It keeps the focus on personal failure or ineptitude
D) None of the above

Accepted Answer

The articles argues, "In terms of disability, technology can be seen to reproduce some of the characteristics of medicine. While it seems highly desirable to substitute technology for lost function, this seductive solution is underpinned by a mechanistic view of the body, long associated with the "medical model" (Freund & McGuire 1991, pp. 203-29; Petersen 1994, pp. 20-1; Seymour 1989, chapter 4; White 1996, pp. 38-9). In this perspective, the body is viewed in terms of a machine, parts of which may malfunction or wear out. Identification of the problem and isolation of the part prepares the way for remedial intervention. Just as the plumber turns off the water at the meter to work on the kitchen tap, the doctor also assumes that work on a part of the body will have no more than temporary impact on the body as a whole. As the medical model reduced the body to a machine, so too may the technology-machine model compromise and reduce the body."

Question 16

Why does Indian agriculture have a global significance?
A) 75% of the Indian population derives its livelihood from agriculture
B) Every fourth farmer in the world is an Indian
C) Both
D) Neither

Accepted Answer

Vandana Shiva "The Hijacking of the Global Food Supply"

Question 17

"Since the World Bank is advising all countries to shift from blank] policies, these countries all compete with each other, and the prices of these luxury commodities collapse. Trade liberalization and economic reform also include devaluation of currencies. Thus, exports earn less, and imports cost more."
A) 'food first' to 'export first'
B) 'export first' to 'food first'
C) 'capitalist' to 'democratic'
D) none of the above

Accepted Answer

The paragraph reads, "Since the World Bank is advising all countries to shift from 'food first' to 'export first' policies, these countries all compete with each other, and the prices of these luxury commodities collapse. Trade liberalization and economic reform also include devaluation of currencies. Thus, exports earn less, and imports cost more."

Question 18

How does Shiva argue food totalitarianism can be stopped?
A) More production of exports
B) More mobilization for democratization of the food system
C) More intervention by the World Bank
D) More corporate farming

Accepted Answer

Shiva concluded with a call for a major mobilization for democratization of the food system.

Question 19

Why is Uber inherently restrictive in who can access and use it as employment and/or transportation?
A) One must own a cell phone
B) One must own a credit card
C) One must have state-approved identification
D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

The paragraph reads, "Beyond such limitations, it is important to remember that Uber's operational platform is inherently restrictive in that it requires both riders and drivers to have a cellphone. To pay, an Uber rider must also have a credit or debit card. These basic requirements make it impossible for large numbers of (typically lower-income) people who have neither to access Uber's transportation services. Owning a cellphone and a credit card requires an individual to have access to both a form of state-approved identification and financial collateral in the form of a job or savings."

Question 20

How are women specifically affected within the sharing economy?
A) They have fewer resources than men do
B) They start from a weaker financial position than men do
C) There is a threat of violence
D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

The conclusion reads, "Women are less likely to participate in the sharing economy because they typically have fewer resources and assets than men do. Since female Uber drivers start out from a weaker financial position than their male counterparts, it is not surprising that they tend to (at least initially) receive a greater boost to their earnings (11 percent in Mexico to 29 percent in Egypt) than men do (IFC, 2018). The opportunities and risks of joining the sharing economy may accrue more heavily to women because they have more to gain from participating, but also more to lose if they are excluded from new forms of work, income, or assets." The threat of violence is mentioned earlier in the article.

Quiz 5: Science, Technology, and the Digital World

For every baby a woman produces, _ eggs are "wasted." For every baby a man produces, __ sperm are wasted.

The female analogy to spermatogenesis is _____________.

What model does Martin propose as offering a better model for discussing human reproduction that works against more traditional and male-centric, traditional models?

What are hardships the doctors face due to their ethnicity according to the article?

"As the college-educated daughters of marginalized families, I posit that Latina physicians are '_______' who are now in a position to challenge how knowledge is produced in medicine, but they are also repeatedly undermined by various actors in their jobs."

The majority of the doctors studied were of what origin?

Which applies to the definition of eugenics?

Why is it important to study the history of eugenics according to the aticle?

What is CRISPR?

What is biohacking in regards to the practice of hormone extraction?

What led to the identification of office work-related injuries such as repetitive strain injury?

What is the risk of substituting technology for lost body function?

Why does Indian agriculture have a global significance?

How does Shiva argue food totalitarianism can be stopped?

Why is Uber inherently restrictive in who can access and use it as employment and/or transportation?

How are women specifically affected within the sharing economy?