Question 1

Who introduced the words epidemic and endemic?

Accepted Answer

Hippocrates, an ancient Greek physician, is credited with introducing the terms epidemic and endemic in his medical writings.

Question 2

Who advanced useful treatment and remedies (which other physicians rejected at the time) such as exercise, fresh air, and a healthy diet?

Accepted Answer

Thomas Sydenham was known for advocating treatments like exercise, fresh air, and a healthy diet, which were not widely accepted by other physicians during his time.

Question 3

Who used an experimental study design to determine that dietary factors were influential in treating and preventing scurvy?

Accepted Answer

James Lind conducted an experimental study in 1747 to determine the effect of dietary factors, specifically citrus fruits, in treating and preventing scurvy among sailors.

Question 4

In the 1700s, it was observed that armies lost more men by disease than by the sword. James Lind focused on illnesses in populations. He observed the effect of _______________, ______________, _______________, and _______________ on the spread of disease.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the 1700s, it was observed that...

Question 5

The Chinese observed that getting a weaker strain of smallpox was protective against encountering a stronger form of the diseases. What is this called?

Accepted Answer

Variolation is the practice of deliberately introducing a weaker strain of smallpox to induce immunity against a more severe form of the disease.

Question 6

Who invented a vaccine against smallpox based on careful observation?

Accepted Answer

Edward Jenner is credited with developing the smallpox vaccine in 1796 through careful observation and experimentation.

Question 7

Who received a Nobel Prize in 1905 for his paper on waterborne epidemics?

Accepted Answer

Robert Koch received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1905 for his work on tuberculosis and his contributions to understanding waterborne epidemics.

Question 8

John Graunt first developed and calculated life tables and life expectancy in the:

Accepted Answer

John Graunt, a pioneer in demography, developed and calculated life tables and life expectancy in the 1600s.

Question 9

John Graunt divided deaths into two types of causes. What were these types of causes?

Accepted Answer

The answer of John Graunt divided deaths into two types...

Question 10

Which woman was a pioneer in the field of toxicology?

Accepted Answer

Alice Hamilton was a pioneer in the field of toxicology, known for her work on industrial toxicology and occupational health.

Question 11

Who revealed the dangers of poisoning from lead used by potters in their glaze?

Accepted Answer

Bernardino Ramazzini, an Italian physician, is known for his work on occupational diseases and highlighted the dangers of lead poisoning among potters.

Question 12

Whose report set forth the importance of establishing state and local boards of health in the United States?

Accepted Answer

Lemuel Shattuck's report in 1850 emphasized the need for state and local boards of health to improve public health infrastructure in the United States.

Question 13

Who developed and applied the case-control study design?

Accepted Answer

Janet Lane-Claypon is credited with developing and applying the case-control study design in her research on breast cancer in the early 20th century.

Question 14

Who investigated the relationship between smoking and lung cancer using a cohort study design?

Accepted Answer

Doll & Hill conducted a cohort study investigating the relationship between smoking and lung cancer.

Question 15

Who is considered the father of modern epidemiology?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Who is considered the father of modern...

Question 16

List three contributions to health made by Florence Nightingale.

Accepted Answer

The answer of List three contributions to health made by...

Quiz 2: Historic Developments in Epidemiology