Question 1

Which of the following is true about Sutherland's (or Sutherland and Cressey's) theory of differential association?

Accepted Answer

Sutherland's theory of differential association posits that criminal behavior is learned through interaction with others, and individuals become criminal when they are exposed to more attitudes or definitions that are favorable to violating the law than those that are unfavorable.

Question 2

Sutherland (or Sutherland and Cressey) indicates that differential associations may vary in

Accepted Answer

Sutherland's theory of differential association suggests that criminal behavior is learned through interactions with others, and these associations vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity.

Question 3

Sutherland's (or Sutherland and Cressey's) theory of differential association

Accepted Answer

Sutherland's theory of differential association posits that criminal and noncriminal behaviors are learned through interactions with others, emphasizing that the learning processes for both types of behavior are similar.

Question 4

In Akers's social learning theory, which of the following concepts refers to the balance of anticipated or actual rewards or punishments that follow behavior?

Accepted Answer

Differential reinforcement in Akers's social learning theory refers to the balance of anticipated or actual rewards or punishments that follow behavior, influencing whether the behavior is likely to be repeated.

Question 5

In Akers's social learning theory, which of the following concepts refers to the process by which a person is exposed to definitions favorable or unfavorable to illegal behavior?

Accepted Answer

Differential association refers to the process by which individuals are exposed to attitudes and values that are favorable or unfavorable to illegal behavior, influencing their likelihood of engaging in such behavior.

Question 6

In Akers's social learning theory, which of the following concepts refers to the engagement of behavior after the observation of similar behavior in others?

Accepted Answer

Imitation in Akers's social learning theory refers to the engagement in behavior after observing similar behavior in others.

Question 7

In Akers's social learning theory, which of the following concepts refers to the attitudes or meanings that are attached to a behavior?

Accepted Answer

Definitions are the attitudes or meanings that are attached to a behavior.

Question 8

In Akers's social learning theory, removing an aversive stimulus is referred to as

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcement involves the removal of an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

Question 9

In Akers's social learning theory, removing a positive stimulus is referred to as

Accepted Answer

The answer of In Akers's social learning theory, removing a...

Question 10

According to Akers's social learning theory, which of the following is true?

Accepted Answer

Differential associations, which refer to the interactions and relationships one has, influence and are influenced by deviant behavior, according to Akers's social learning theory.

Question 11

Which of the following is true according to Akers's theory of social structure and social learning?

Accepted Answer

Akers's theory posits that social structural factors influence social learning factors, which then directly affect behavior, indicating an indirect effect of social structural factors on behavior.

Question 12

Akers's empirical tests of social learning theories suggest which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Akers's empirical tests indicate that all four social learning variables (differential association, imitation, definitions, and differential reinforcement) are related to various forms of deviant behavior.

Question 13

Macro-level learning theories argue which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Macro-level learning theories argue which of the...

Question 14

Which criminologist(s) argued that higher rates of crime are found in lower-class areas because members of the lower class have a culture that values trouble, toughness, smartness, and excitement?

Accepted Answer

Walter Miller argued that the lower-class culture has focal concerns such as trouble, toughness, smartness, and excitement, which contribute to higher crime rates in these areas.

Question 15

Elijah Anderson's research on the code of the streets suggested which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Elijah Anderson's research indicated that street families often have superficial and sporadic family relationships, which contrasts with the more stable and nurturing environments of decent families.

Question 16

Which concept is at the heart of the code of the street, according to Anderson?

Accepted Answer

Respect is central to the "code of the street" as described by Elijah Anderson, where maintaining respect is crucial for social standing and personal safety in inner-city neighborhoods.

Question 17

Elijah Anderson's research on the code of the streets suggested which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Elijah Anderson's research indicated that decent and street families can coexist within the same extended kinship network, with individuals navigating between the two cultural orientations.

Question 18

Which of the following is true about girls and the street code, according to Anderson's work?

Accepted Answer

Girls in inner-city areas with a street code have developed their own sense of honor/status, based on things like beauty and boyfriends, according to Anderson's work.

Question 19

Overall, research to date on macro-level learning theories suggests which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that while most groups generally condemn crime, there are variations in the intensity or extent of this condemnation across different groups.

Question 20

The criticism that "the theory fails to fully describe the process by which crime is learned" is most often heard in relation to which theory?

Accepted Answer

Differential association theory, proposed by Edwin Sutherland, is often criticized for not fully explaining the mechanisms through which individuals learn criminal behavior, focusing instead on the idea that crime is learned through interactions with others.

Quiz 3: Learning to Be a Criminal: Differential Association, Subcultural, and Social Learning Theories

Which of the following is true about Sutherland's (or Sutherland and Cressey's) theory of differential association?

Sutherland (or Sutherland and Cressey) indicates that differential associations may vary in

Sutherland's (or Sutherland and Cressey's) theory of differential association

In Akers's social learning theory, which of the following concepts refers to the balance of anticipated or actual rewards or punishments that follow behavior?

In Akers's social learning theory, which of the following concepts refers to the process by which a person is exposed to definitions favorable or unfavorable to illegal behavior?

In Akers's social learning theory, which of the following concepts refers to the engagement of behavior after the observation of similar behavior in others?

In Akers's social learning theory, which of the following concepts refers to the attitudes or meanings that are attached to a behavior?

In Akers's social learning theory, removing an aversive stimulus is referred to as

In Akers's social learning theory, removing a positive stimulus is referred to as

According to Akers's social learning theory, which of the following is true?

Which of the following is true according to Akers's theory of social structure and social learning?

Akers's empirical tests of social learning theories suggest which of the following?

Macro-level learning theories argue which of the following?

Which criminologist(s) argued that higher rates of crime are found in lower-class areas because members of the lower class have a culture that values trouble, toughness, smartness, and excitement?

Elijah Anderson's research on the code of the streets suggested which of the following?

Which concept is at the heart of the code of the street, according to Anderson?

Elijah Anderson's research on the code of the streets suggested which of the following?

Which of the following is true about girls and the street code, according to Anderson's work?

Overall, research to date on macro-level learning theories suggests which of the following?

The criticism that "the theory fails to fully describe the process by which crime is learned" is most often heard in relation to which theory?