Question 1

Which of the following is not one of the factors that Crane et al identify as the most important in deciding whether a situation should be assigned a moral status?

Accepted Answer

Crane et al identify factors related to ethical significance, choice, and perception of ethical relevance, but not legal challenges.

Question 2

Schwartz (2016) identifies two broad perspectives on ethical decision making. The _______ perspective assumes that ethical decision making occurs in a logical, reasoned manner. This contrasts with the _________ perspective which impresses the importance of moral intuition occurring, without the application of distinct, reasoned logic.

Accepted Answer

Rationalist, Intuitionist

Question 3

Match the individual factors with their likely influence on ethical decision making.
-Personal values

Accepted Answer

Personal values have a significant influence on ethical decision making, as empirical evidence often shows a positive relationship between an individual's values and their ethical choices.

Question 4

Match the individual factors with their likely influence on ethical decision making.
-Personal integrity

Accepted Answer

The answer of Match the individual factors with their likely...

Question 5

Match the individual factors with their likely influence on ethical decision making.
-Moral imagination

Accepted Answer

Moral imagination is a new issue for inclusion with potential, but largely untested.

Question 6

Match the individual factors with their likely influence on ethical decision making.
-Locus of control

Accepted Answer

The answer of Match the individual factors with their likely...

Question 7

Hofstede (1980, 1994) suggests that differences in cultural knowledge and beliefs across countries can be explained in terms of six dimensions. Read the following description carefully and indicate which of Hofstede's six dimensions it describes:
"The extent to which an emphasis is placed on valuing money and things versus valuing people and relationships."

Accepted Answer

This dimension, Masculinity/Femininity, refers to the degree to which a culture values traditionally masculine traits like competitiveness and material success versus traditionally feminine traits like caring for others and quality of life.

Question 8

Match each of the following explanations of cognitive moral development with one of the stages identified by Kohlberg (1969).
-Instrumental purpose and exchange

Accepted Answer

This explanation corresponds to Kohlberg's Stage 2, where individuals focus on their own interests and fairness in exchanges.

Question 9

Match each of the following explanations of cognitive moral development with one of the stages identified by Kohlberg (1969).
-Interpersonal accord, conformity and mutual expectations

Accepted Answer

This explanation corresponds to Kohlberg's Stage 3, where individuals focus on living up to the expectations of those close to them and maintaining interpersonal relationships.

Question 10

Match each of the following explanations of cognitive moral development with one of the stages identified by Kohlberg (1969).
-Social accord and system maintenance

Accepted Answer

Social accord and system maintenance corresponds to the stage where individuals' consideration of the expectations of others broadens to social agreement more generally.

Question 11

Match each of the following explanations of cognitive moral development with one of the stages identified by Kohlberg (1969).
-Social contract and individual rights

Accepted Answer

This explanation corresponds to Kohlberg's Stage 5, where individuals recognize the importance of social contracts and individual rights, and make moral decisions based on upholding these principles.

Question 12

Werhane (1998) sees moral imagination as the creativity with which an individual is able to reflect about an ethical dilemma. Why is this significant?

Accepted Answer

Moral imagination is significant because it enables individuals to creatively develop alternative solutions to ethical dilemmas, allowing for more comprehensive and innovative approaches to resolving such issues.

Question 13

Match the following context-related situational influences with the descriptions of their influence on ethical decision-making.
-Rewards

Accepted Answer

Rewards and punishments have a strong influence on ethical behavior, as they can directly motivate individuals to act in certain ways, although other stages of ethical decision-making are less explored.

Question 14

Match the following context-related situational influences with the descriptions of their influence on ethical decision-making.
-Authority

Accepted Answer

Authority has good general support for influence from immediate superiors and top management on the ethical decision-making of subordinates.

Question 15

Match the following context-related situational influences with the descriptions of their influence on ethical decision-making.
-Bureaucracy

Accepted Answer

Bureaucracy has a significant influence on ethical decision-making, but it has been exposed to limited empirical research, making the specific consequences for ethical decision-making contested.

Question 16

Match the following context-related situational influences with the descriptions of their influence on ethical decision-making.
-Organizational culture

Accepted Answer

Organizational culture has a strong overall influence on ethical decision-making, but the implications of this relationship remain contested.

Question 17

Bird and Waters (1989) describe the phenomenon of moral muteness, in which managers reframe moral actions and motives in non-moral terms. Managers do this, say Bird and Waters, because they are worried about perceived threats. Which of the following do managers not feel is under threat through the use of moral terms?

Accepted Answer

Managers do not feel that using moral terms threatens organizational credibility with stakeholders, particularly shareholders.

Question 18

Anand and colleagues (2004) identify six different strategies of rationalizing unethical behaviour. What strategy am I using if I make the following argument? "It's OK for me to use the internet for personal reasons at work - after all, I do work overtime a lot:"

Accepted Answer

The "Metaphor of the ledger" strategy involves justifying unethical behavior by claiming that one's good deeds or extra efforts (like working overtime) balance out the unethical actions (like using the internet for personal reasons at work).

Question 19

The bureaucratic dimension of organizations has been argued to have negative effects on ethical decision-making. Read the following carefully and indicate which is not one of these negative effects.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The bureaucratic dimension of organizations has been...

Question 20

Personal values have, for a long time, been considered to have a limited and insignificant role in organisational decision making.

Accepted Answer

Personal values have been increasingly recognized as influential in organizational decision-making, affecting leadership styles, ethical considerations, and corporate culture.

Quiz 4: Making Decisions in Business Ethics: Descriptive

Which of the following is not one of the factors that Crane et al identify as the most important in deciding whether a situation should be assigned a moral status?

Match the individual factors with their likely influence on ethical decision making. -Personal values

Match the individual factors with their likely influence on ethical decision making. -Personal integrity

Match the individual factors with their likely influence on ethical decision making. -Moral imagination

Match the individual factors with their likely influence on ethical decision making. -Locus of control

Match each of the following explanations of cognitive moral development with one of the stages identified by Kohlberg (1969) . -Instrumental purpose and exchange

Match each of the following explanations of cognitive moral development with one of the stages identified by Kohlberg (1969) . -Interpersonal accord, conformity and mutual expectations

Match each of the following explanations of cognitive moral development with one of the stages identified by Kohlberg (1969) . -Social accord and system maintenance

Match each of the following explanations of cognitive moral development with one of the stages identified by Kohlberg (1969) . -Social contract and individual rights

Werhane (1998) sees moral imagination as the creativity with which an individual is able to reflect about an ethical dilemma. Why is this significant?

Match the following context-related situational influences with the descriptions of their influence on ethical decision-making. -Rewards

Match the following context-related situational influences with the descriptions of their influence on ethical decision-making. -Authority

Match the following context-related situational influences with the descriptions of their influence on ethical decision-making. -Bureaucracy

Match the following context-related situational influences with the descriptions of their influence on ethical decision-making. -Organizational culture

Anand and colleagues (2004) identify six different strategies of rationalizing unethical behaviour. What strategy am I using if I make the following argument? "It's OK for me to use the internet for personal reasons at work - after all, I do work overtime a lot:"

The bureaucratic dimension of organizations has been argued to have negative effects on ethical decision-making. Read the following carefully and indicate which is not one of these negative effects.

Personal values have, for a long time, been considered to have a limited and insignificant role in organisational decision making.