Question 1

When we begin with observations about some members of a group and then generalize about all of them, we use a kind of reasoning known as…

Accepted Answer

This type of reasoning is called enumerative induction, where specific instances or observations about members of a group lead to a general conclusion about the entire group.

Question 2

In enumerative induction, the observed members of the target group are called the…

Accepted Answer

In enumerative induction, the observed members of the target group are referred to as the "sample." This is because enumerative induction involves generalizing from a sample of observed instances to make conclusions about the entire group.

Question 3

An enumerative inductive argument can fail to be strong because…

Accepted Answer

A strong enumerative inductive argument requires a sample that is both sufficiently large and representative of the target group. If the sample is too small or not representative, the argument's strength is compromised because it may not accurately reflect the characteristics or behaviors of the entire target group.

Question 4

When we draw a conclusion about a target group based on an inadequate sample size, we make an error known as…

Accepted Answer

Hasty generalization is the error made when a conclusion about a target group is drawn from an inadequate sample size, leading to potentially inaccurate or misleading results.

Question 5

A sample that does not properly represent the target group is called a…

Accepted Answer

The answer of A sample that does not properly represent...

Question 6

A self-selecting sample is…

Accepted Answer

Self-selecting samples often lead to bias because individuals choose themselves to participate, which may not accurately represent the broader population.

Question 7

The probability that the sample will accurately represent the target group within the margin of error is called the…

Accepted Answer

The confidence level is the probability that the sample accurately represents the target group within the specified margin of error. It reflects how confident we are in the sampling method's ability to produce a result that reflects the true population.

Question 8

A comparison of two or more things alike in specific respects is called a(n)…

Accepted Answer

An analogy is a comparison between two things that are alike in some way, often used to help explain something or make it easier to understand by comparing it to something familiar.

Question 9

The results of an opinion poll can be skewed by…

Accepted Answer

Question phrasing can influence how respondents interpret and answer a question, potentially skewing the results of an opinion poll.

Question 10

This argument-"The Vietnam War was launched by a Democratic president and was unsuccessful. The current war was also launched by a Democratic president, therefore it will be unsuccessful as well."-is an example of…

Accepted Answer

This argument uses analogical induction by comparing two situations based on their similarities (both wars being launched by a Democratic president) and inferring that because one was unsuccessful, the other will be as well. It relies on the analogy between the two wars to make a prediction about the outcome of the current war.

Question 11

A representative sample must resemble the target group in…

Accepted Answer

A representative sample must resemble the target group in all the ways that matter for the research being conducted to ensure the results are applicable and accurate.

Question 12

"X percent of the observed members of group A have property P. Therefore, X percent of all members of group A probably have property P" is a pattern of reasoning known as…

Accepted Answer

This statement exemplifies enumerative induction, a form of reasoning where a generalization is made about a group based on a sample of that group.

Question 13

"Thing A has properties P₁, P₂, P₃, plus the property P₄. Thing B has properties P₁, P₂, and P₃. Therefore, thing B probably has property P₄" is a pattern of reasoning known as…

Accepted Answer

Analogical induction involves reasoning that because two things are similar in some respects, they are likely similar in other respects as well. In this case, because Thing A and Thing B share properties P1, P2, and P3, it is inferred that Thing B might also have property P4.

Question 14

A factor in opinion polls that prevents the selection of a random sample is…

Accepted Answer

Self-selecting sampling prevents the selection of a random sample because it involves individuals choosing to participate, which can introduce bias and does not ensure every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.

Question 15

The middle point of a series of values (in which half the values are above the point and half the values are below the point) is known as…

Accepted Answer

The median is defined as the middle value in a data set, where half of the values are above it and half are below it.

Question 16

Relevant similarities, relevant dissimilarities, the number of instances compared, and diversity among cases are criteria that can be used to judge the strength of…

Accepted Answer

These criteria are used to judge the strength of arguments by analogy, as they help determine how closely the cases being compared align with each other in relevant aspects, and how diverse and numerous the instances are to support a strong analogy.

Question 17

The variation between the values derived from a sample and the true values of the whole target group is called the…

Accepted Answer

The margin of error reflects the range within which the true values of the whole target group are expected to vary from the values derived from a sample. It quantifies the uncertainty associated with sampling.

Question 18

To reason that because two things are similar in several respects, they are likely to be similar in some further respect is to use…

Accepted Answer

Analogical induction involves reasoning that because two things are similar in several respects, they are likely to be similar in some further respect.

Question 19

A strong analogical argument with true premises is…

Accepted Answer

Cogency is the term that applies to strong inductive arguments, like analogical arguments, where the premises are true. This makes the conclusion likely true, but not guaranteed as in deductive reasoning.

Question 20

What is the difference between target group, sample members, and relevant property?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the difference between target group,...

Quiz 5: Inductive Arguments and Statistics

When we begin with observations about some members of a group and then generalize about all of them, we use a kind of reasoning known as…

In enumerative induction, the observed members of the target group are called the…

An enumerative inductive argument can fail to be strong because…

When we draw a conclusion about a target group based on an inadequate sample size, we make an error known as…

A sample that does not properly represent the target group is called a…

A self-selecting sample is…

The probability that the sample will accurately represent the target group within the margin of error is called the…

A comparison of two or more things alike in specific respects is called a(n) …

The results of an opinion poll can be skewed by…

This argument-"The Vietnam War was launched by a Democratic president and was unsuccessful. The current war was also launched by a Democratic president, therefore it will be unsuccessful as well."-is an example of…

A representative sample must resemble the target group in…

"X percent of the observed members of group A have property P. Therefore, X percent of all members of group A probably have property P" is a pattern of reasoning known as…

"Thing A has properties P₁, P₂, P₃, plus the property P₄. Thing B has properties P₁, P₂, and P₃. Therefore, thing B probably has property P₄" is a pattern of reasoning known as…

A factor in opinion polls that prevents the selection of a random sample is…

The middle point of a series of values (in which half the values are above the point and half the values are below the point) is known as…

Relevant similarities, relevant dissimilarities, the number of instances compared, and diversity among cases are criteria that can be used to judge the strength of…

The variation between the values derived from a sample and the true values of the whole target group is called the…

To reason that because two things are similar in several respects, they are likely to be similar in some further respect is to use…

A strong analogical argument with true premises is…

What is the difference between target group, sample members, and relevant property?

Quiz 5: Inductive Arguments and Statistics

When we begin with observations about some members of a group and then generalize about all of them, we use a kind of reasoning known as…

In enumerative induction, the observed members of the target group are called the…

An enumerative inductive argument can fail to be strong because…

When we draw a conclusion about a target group based on an inadequate sample size, we make an error known as…

A sample that does not properly represent the target group is called a…

A self-selecting sample is…

The probability that the sample will accurately represent the target group within the margin of error is called the…

A comparison of two or more things alike in specific respects is called a(n) …

The results of an opinion poll can be skewed by…

This argument-"The Vietnam War was launched by a Democratic president and was unsuccessful. The current war was also launched by a Democratic president, therefore it will be unsuccessful as well."-is an example of…

A representative sample must resemble the target group in…

"X percent of the observed members of group A have property P. Therefore, X percent of all members of group A probably have property P" is a pattern of reasoning known as…

"Thing A has properties P1, P2, P3, plus the property P4. Thing B has properties P1, P2, and P3. Therefore, thing B probably has property P4" is a pattern of reasoning known as…

A factor in opinion polls that prevents the selection of a random sample is…

The middle point of a series of values (in which half the values are above the point and half the values are below the point) is known as…

Relevant similarities, relevant dissimilarities, the number of instances compared, and diversity among cases are criteria that can be used to judge the strength of…

The variation between the values derived from a sample and the true values of the whole target group is called the…

To reason that because two things are similar in several respects, they are likely to be similar in some further respect is to use…

A strong analogical argument with true premises is…

What is the difference between target group, sample members, and relevant property?

"Thing A has properties P₁, P₂, P₃, plus the property P₄. Thing B has properties P₁, P₂, and P₃. Therefore, thing B probably has property P₄" is a pattern of reasoning known as…