The values of e (emigration) and i (immigration) can be density-dependent.
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Q18: Density-independence leads to population equilibrium.
Q19: Density-dependence can result from top-down or bottom-up
Q20: Population equilibrium and population stability are the
Q21: Most populations are regulated by a single
Q22: Crowding and stress factors do not violate
Q24: Lynx exert bottom-up control of hares.
Q25: Density-dependent factors outweigh density-independent factors in most
Q26: Random factors play no role in metapopulations.
Q27: Metapopulations fluctuate less than the populations that
Q28: _ refers to population fluctuations within narrow
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