Question 1

_________ are chemicals which are released into the bloodstream by endocrine glands to regulate the activity of cells, tissues, and organs throughout the body.

Accepted Answer

Hormones are the chemicals released by endocrine glands into the bloodstream to regulate the activities of various cells, tissues, and organs in the body.

Question 2

Hormones released by the hypothalamus travel to the pituitary via the ________.

Accepted Answer

Hormones released by the hypothalamus travel to the pituitary gland via the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system, which is a network of blood vessels that directly connects the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary.

Question 3

__________ is a genetic condition seen in infants due exposure to higher-than-normal levels of androgens during gestation.

Accepted Answer

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is a genetic condition characterized by a deficiency in the enzymes needed for the production of cortisol and aldosterone in the adrenal glands. This deficiency leads to an overproduction of androgens, causing development of male characteristics in females and early puberty in males.

Question 4

In monogamous species known as ________ both males and females participate in raising the young.

Accepted Answer

Biparental care refers to both parents being involved in raising their offspring, which is common in monogamous species.

Question 5

Rat sexual behavior depends on the female's approximately four-day long ________ cycle.

Accepted Answer

Rat sexual behavior is influenced by the female's estrous cycle, which is approximately four days long. This cycle involves the period during which a female is fertile and receptive to mating.

Question 6

In female rats, mating-ready or ________ behavior, consists of hopping and darting around the cage as well as wiggling the ears.

Accepted Answer

Proceptive behavior in female rats includes actions such as hopping and darting around the cage, which are signals of their readiness to mate.

Question 7

The ________ is a cluster of genes that encode proteins providing information about the ability of the immune system to combat a diverse array of threats.

Accepted Answer

The correct answer is B) multihistocompatibility complex (MHC). MHC is a set of genes that encode for proteins on the cell surface, which present antigenic peptides to the immune system. This helps the immune system recognize and respond to a wide variety of pathogens, making it crucial for immune response diversity and specificity.

Question 8

In the early 1990s, neuroscientist Simon LeVay reported that the _________ nucleus in the anterior hypothalamus was smaller in both homosexual men and heterosexual women compared with heterosexual men.

Accepted Answer

Simon LeVay's research focused on the INAH3 (third interstitial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus), which he found to be smaller in homosexual men and heterosexual women compared to heterosexual men, suggesting a biological basis for sexual orientation.

Question 9

In both male mice and humans, _______ is important in ejaculation and orgasm.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In both male mice and humans, _______...

Question 10

Increased rates of neurogenesis have been observed during both pregnancy and lactation in the _________ of rats.

Accepted Answer

Increased rates of neurogenesis during pregnancy and lactation have been observed in the subventricular zone of rats, a region known for its role in the generation of new neurons throughout life.

Question 11

Higher levels of ______ and _______ are found in men just prior to the births of their babies than in controls who were not expectant fathers.

Accepted Answer

Prolactin and cortisol levels are higher in expectant fathers compared to non-expectant fathers. Prolactin is involved in parenting behavior, and cortisol is associated with stress responses, which may increase in anticipation of fatherhood.

Question 12

In species where relatives and even unrelated adults help parents care for their young, this behavior is known as _________.

Accepted Answer

Alloparenting refers to the care of offspring by individuals other than the biological parents, which can include relatives or unrelated adults within a species. This behavior is observed in various animal species and is a form of cooperative breeding.

Question 13

The ________ hypothesis suggests that for an animal nearing the end of its reproductive stage of life, the more adaptive option is to invest all available effort to ensure the survival of its last possible offspring.

Accepted Answer

The terminal investment hypothesis suggests that an animal nearing the end of its reproductive life should invest all remaining resources into ensuring the survival of its last offspring, as it is the last opportunity to pass on its genes.

Question 14

Approximately __________ studies have demonstrated implantable pumps are a reliable delivery system for hormones, drugs and other neurochemicals.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Approximately __________ studies have demonstrated implantable pumps...

Question 15

___________ pumps deliver drugs in a more predictable fashion and are less affected by gastrointestinal variables than other drug delivery systems.

Accepted Answer

Osmotic pumps deliver drugs in a controlled manner, relying on osmotic pressure to release the medication at a predictable rate, which is less influenced by gastrointestinal variables such as pH, motility, and food presence compared to other drug delivery systems.

Question 16

_______ performed the first endocrinological research project by reimplanting testicles into roosters.

Accepted Answer

Arnold Berthold conducted the first endocrinological experiment in 1849, demonstrating that testicular secretions are crucial for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in roosters. This experiment laid the foundation for the field of endocrinology.

Question 17

Steroid hormones display the property of _______.

Accepted Answer

Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol and are fat-soluble, allowing them to easily cross cell membranes and affect cells directly.

Question 18

Hypothalamic peptide hormones are synthesized in the ______ and released from the ________ of the neuron

Accepted Answer

Hypothalamic peptide hormones are synthesized in the neuron and then transported down the axon to be released from the terminal endings of the neuron. This process is essential for the regulation of many physiological functions, including the release of hormones from the pituitary gland.

Question 19

Hormones may have very different effects during the prenatal and later life stages of an animal, a concept best described by the terms ________.

Accepted Answer

The terms "activational" and "organizational" refer to the different effects hormones can have at various life stages. Organizational effects typically occur during critical periods of development (such as prenatal stages), structuring the brain and body in long-lasting ways. Activational effects occur later in life, often at puberty or adulthood, activating the structures and pathways laid down earlier.

Question 20

In cases of a 5-α reductase deficiency, what is the characteristic outcome?

Accepted Answer

5-α reductase deficiency is a condition where the body cannot effectively convert testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which is crucial for the development of male genitalia in utero. As a result, individuals with this condition are genetically male (having XY chromosomes) but are born with external genitalia that appear female or are underdeveloped.

Quiz 11: Affiliative and Reproductive Strategies