Maternal Malnourishment May Lead to Fetal Growth Retardation and Low

Maternal malnourishment may lead to fetal growth retardation and low birth weight due to

A) "starvation" signals to the fetus that food is likely to be scarce in the future.
B) an increased metabolism of the mother, leading to increased metabolism in the fetus.
C) the likelihood that malnourishment is accompanied by drug or alcohol use.
D) an increase in fetal movements, leading to a higher metabolism.
E) isolating effects that lead to unsanitary living conditions and poverty.