Question 1

One recurring theme throughout the history of corrections in the United states is the cyclical need for ______.

Accepted Answer

The history of corrections in the United States is marked by a recurring theme of the need for reform. This includes changes to address overcrowding, inhumane conditions, rehabilitation efforts, and the overall effectiveness of the correctional system.

Question 2

A major theme over the course of correctional history has been a growing ______.

Accepted Answer

Over time, there has been a notable shift in correctional philosophy towards treating offenders with more compassion, emphasizing rehabilitation and humane treatment over punitive measures like corporal punishment.

Question 3

During the Middle Ages, one of the greatest influences on punishment was ______.

Accepted Answer

The Catholic Church was a dominant force in Europe during the Middle Ages, influencing many aspects of life, including the legal system and practices of punishment.

Question 4

In ancient Rome, a punishment called capitis diminutio maxima involved ______ and turned criminals into penal slaves.

Accepted Answer

Capitis diminutio maxima was a form of legal penalty in ancient Rome that resulted in the loss of a person's status or citizenship, effectively turning them into slaves or non-citizens without legal rights.

Question 5

In the late Middle Ages, galley slavery was used as an alternative to ______.

Accepted Answer

Galley slavery was often used as an alternative to the death penalty. Condemned individuals were given the option to serve as oarsmen on galleys, which was seen as a way to redeem themselves through hard labor.

Question 6

One benefit for the state associated with the practice of transportation was ______.

Accepted Answer

Transportation, historically, was often used as a means to exploit the labor of convicts in colonies or other territories. This practice allowed states to benefit from cheap labor while also dealing with their criminal populations.

Question 7

Why did Enlightenment thought so drastically affect correctional thinking?

Accepted Answer

Enlightenment thought emphasized reason, individualism, and a focus on human life on Earth rather than the afterlife, leading to reforms in correctional thinking that prioritized rehabilitation and humane treatment.

Question 8

Which reformer argued that the English government should provide sanitary conditions for inmates in gaols?

Accepted Answer

John Howard was a significant figure in prison reform who advocated for the improvement of sanitary conditions in gaols, among other reforms, to ensure the humane treatment of inmates.

Question 9

John Howard, a former sheriff and prisoner of war in England, was known for arguing that ______.

Accepted Answer

John Howard was a strong advocate for prison reform, including the abolition of the fee system in jails, which often led to poor conditions for prisoners who could not afford to pay for better treatment.

Question 10

Which reformer wrote that "it is essential that [punishment] be public, speedy, necessary"?

Accepted Answer

Cesare Beccaria, in his seminal work "On Crimes and Punishments" (1764), argued for the reform of the criminal justice system, emphasizing that punishment should be public, prompt, and necessary to deter crime effectively.

Question 11

Cesare Beccaria, an Italian philosopher, argued that ______.

Accepted Answer

Beccaria, in his work "On Crimes and Punishments," argued for a more rational and just criminal justice system, emphasizing that punishments should be proportional to the crimes committed to deter future offenses effectively.

Question 12

Jeremy Bentham, an English correctional reformer, argued that ______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Jeremy Bentham, an English correctional reformer, argued...

Question 13

William Penn, a Pennsylvania Colony governor, argued that ______.

Accepted Answer

William Penn, a Quaker, believed in humane treatment and rehabilitation, aligning with Quaker principles in corrections.

Question 14

The influence of religion on early prison operations in the United States, especially in the Pennsylvania system, is due primarily to ______.

Accepted Answer

The Quakers were instrumental in the development of the Pennsylvania system, advocating for more humane treatment of prisoners, including solitary confinement for reflection and penitence, which reflects their religious beliefs in introspection and nonviolence.

Question 15

During the American Revolution, a Tory is sentenced to imprisonment for loyalty to England. The inmate is held underground in shackles overnight and forced to perform hard, manual labor during the day. The inmate is most likely held in ______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of During the American Revolution, a Tory is...

Question 16

A debtor in the late 1700s is sentenced to incarceration. The offender is surprised to be given his own cell, separated from convicted felons who are housed in the same facility. The offender is most likely housed in ______.

Accepted Answer

The Walnut Street Jail, established in the late 18th century, is recognized as the first penitentiary in the United States and was known for its system of solitary confinement, distinguishing between debtors and convicted felons by housing them separately.

Question 17

The new wing of the ______ is considered the first real prison in part because of its rudimentary classification system.

Accepted Answer

The Walnut Street Jail, established in Philadelphia, is often considered the first real prison due to its introduction of a rudimentary classification system for inmates, marking a significant evolution in the approach to incarceration.

Question 18

Proponents of the Pennsylvania prison system considered Eastern Pennsylvania Prison an improvement on Western Pennsylvania Prison because it ______.

Accepted Answer

The Pennsylvania prison system, particularly the Eastern State Penitentiary, was known for its emphasis on solitary confinement, with the belief that solitude would lead to penitence and reform. This approach was considered an improvement over the Western Pennsylvania Prison system, which did not focus as heavily on solitary confinement.

Question 19

The separate system was part of the ______ model.

Accepted Answer

The separate system was part of the Pennsylvania model, which emphasized solitary confinement and individual penance.

Question 20

Which argument for correctional practices was a Quaker in the 1800s most likely to make?

Accepted Answer

Quakers in the 1800s believed in the rehabilitative power of solitary reflection, leading to the concept of solitary confinement as a method to encourage prisoners to reflect on their actions and reform. This belief influenced the design and operation of some prisons, such as the Eastern State Penitentiary in Philadelphia, which was built on principles of solitary confinement.

Quiz 2: Early Corrections From Ancient Times to Correctional Institutions